Abstract: Biofilms are collections of microorganisms in a matrix of extracellular polymeric material made up of polysaccharides, proteins, lipids, as well as nucleic acids. Many bacteria may transition among planktonic and biofilm forms. Planktonic bacteria have reproduction rates and relatively fast cell growth, which reduces their chances of survival but they are capable to different environments. The biofilm formation state appears to be a natural besides prevalent condition of microorganisms. The biofilm formation important since it increases bacterial tolerance to hostile environmental conditions lets microorganisms avoid being washed away by merely attaching to a surface or tissue, and most likely, by limiting thein diffusion, the extracellular polymeric matrix protects bacterial cells in deeper layers against antimicrobial agents. Primary contact/attachment to the surface, micro-colony development, maturity and construction of the biofilm architecture, and ultimately detachment and dispersion define the phases in biofilm formation. Once a biofilm is established, bacterial mobility decreases while cell density increases. Bacteria communicate within the biofilm through quorum sensing (QS), a signaling mechanism that regulates biofilm formation and the production of virulence factors. QS relies on the secretion and detection of autoinducers, which facilitate intercellular communication. In Gram-negative bacteria, the major QS signaling molecules include acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs), autoinducing peptides (AIPs) in the Gram-positive bacteria and autoinducer-2 (AI-2), which is produced by both types of bacteria.

Abstract:      Estrogen is integral to brain health, influencing neuroprotection, cognition, mood, and development. The neurological effects of exposure, in particular its possible neurotoxic effects on the brain, have drawn more and more attention in research The aim of this study is to detrain the effect of decrease of estrogen on the brain. A total of ten healthy female rats are used in present work which was divided into two groups. The first group contains 5 rats will served as control group injected IM normal saline. The second group contains 5 rats injected IM (VCD) ( 80mg/kg) for 2 weekly . After the experiment was completed, blood was drawn from the animals and serum was extracted to test GSH, estrogen, and MDA. Brain samples were also taken to measure the gene expression of alpha and beta estrogen in the brain. The current study showed that there was a decrease in the amount of serum estrogen and GSH in the group exposed to the VCD when compared with the control group, and that there was an increase in the amount of Malondialdehyde in the group exposed to the VCD when compared with the control group.The results of gene expression showed that there was a decrease in the expression of the gene estrogen alpha in the group exposed to the VCD when compared with the control group, and that there was an increase in the gene expression of the gene estrogen beta in the group exposed to the VCD when compared with the control group.       Through the current study conclude that the VCD decrease the estrogen inside the body, which led to a decrease in antioxidants and an increase in oxidizing substances, also damage to the ovaries which change in the production of both alpha and beta estrogen receptor in brain

Abstract: Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles (TiO 2 NPs ) are considered one of the top five nanoparticles mostly used in fields of veterinary, agriculture, medicine and industry. High levels of TiO 2 NPs are found in aquatic environment, which result in harmful effects on living organisms with public health concerns. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of TiO 2 NPS on oxidative stress in common carp, Cyprinus Carpio .  A total of 100 fish (weight 50 g) were divided randomly into four treated groups (10 fish/tank/ 2 replicate) as follows: T1, T2, T3, and T4 exposed to TiO 2 NPs at (50,100, 200 and 300 mg/L) respectively. C served as a control group that received a diet without treatment.  Following 21 days, blood samples were collected from the caudal vein for determination of DNA damage using comet assay. Also, liver samples were collected for analysis of catalase and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) enzymes activity and for measuring lipid peroxidation using thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS), which measured the Malondialdehyde (MDA). Results showed a significant increase (P≤0.05) in catalase and GPx activities at 50mg/l of TiO 2 NPs (T1) with a decrease in these activities in (T2, T3 and T4) of nanoparticles, respectively. lipid peroxidation marker (MDA) significantly increased at 300 mg/L (T4). Results showed the highest DNA damage in RBCs was seen at concentrations of 200 and 300 mg/L of the TiO 2 NPs (T3 and T4) respectively. This study concluded that TiO 2 NPs induced potent oxidative stress in common carp, indicated by decreased antioxidant enzyme activity and increased lipid peroxidation with DNA damage in erythrocytes.

Abstract: Dual-use chemicals are compounds with valid uses in industry, agriculture, or medicine, which can also be misused for malevolent ends such as the production of chemical weapons and drug manufacturing. The dual-use character of these chemicals presents major challenges for global security, public health, and regulatory systems. The article addresses the risks of dual-use chemicals, including proliferation, terrorism, inadvertent release, and environmental contamination. It also reflects on international initiatives in order to control these threats, along with the CWC and national control measures. Even with regulative suggestions, oversight loopholes Although regulations have progressed, deficiencies in surveillance, enforcement, and communication have remained, highlighting the importance of increased international collaboration, improved detection technologies and awareness among scientific and industrial sectors. The management of these risks calls for a balanced approach that allows the development of science and economy while blocking misuse.

Abstract:   Abstract — Cystic echinococcosis, caused by Echinococcus granulosus, poses significant health and economic challenges globally due to limited treatment options, including recurrence, drug resistance, and toxicity. This study evaluates the in vitro scolicidal potential of Citrus bergamia (bergamot) essential oil against E. granulosus protoscoleces compared to albendazole and a DMSO control. Hydatid cysts were collected from infected sheep livers in Karbala, Iraq, and protoscoleces were exposed to four concentrations (1,250, 2,500, 5,000, and 10,000 ppm) of each treatment. Viability was assessed using eosin staining over 1–116 hours. Bergamot oil at 10,000 ppm achieved 100% protoscolex mortality within 1 hour, compared to 36 hours for albendazole at the same concentration. Lower concentrations showed comparable efficacy by 48 hours. One-way ANOVA revealed significant differences (p<0.05). Bergamot oil’s rapid action positions it as a promising natural alternative for cystic echinococcosis treatment, though in vivo studies are needed to confirm its efficacy and safety..    

Abstract:       The present study was conducted to focusing the light on the anatomical and histological picture of the kidney of the rabbit, for this purpose the report recorded that the anatomical findings which was the kidney large relatively firm, retroperitoneal, reddish brown in color and unilobular with bean-shaped surrounded by a tough fibrous capsule with abundant amount of per-renal fat tissue. The right kidney was between the 11 th and 12 th intercostal space and the second lumbar vertebrae while left kidney localized between the 2 nd and 4 th lumbar vertebrae.    The right and the left renal arteries supply kidneys of the rabbit that originated from the related side of the abdominal aorta, they were entering the hilus of the kidney.    Histologically were reported that the kidney of rabbit surrounded by a thin fibrous capsule and consists of darker, granular and highly vascular outer cortex which had the renal corpuscles and inner medulla which was slightly thick and less vascular that had the tubules of the nephrons .    The functional unit of the kidney called nephron and each nephron consists of renal corpuscle, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Helene, distal convoluted tubule, collecting tubule and collecting duct.    The sections extend from the capsule to the medulla showing variations in distribution of renal corpuscles, otherwise the straight tubules of the nephrons and the collecting ducts continue from the cortex into the medulla.

Abstract:     Ten birds (Sand Partridge) strain used to investigate the histological features of the liver in Sand Partridge ( Ammo Perdix griseiguleris ). The histological picture of Sand Partridge liver showed that it surrounded by a thin fibrous capsule and not well subdivided to lobules. The parenchyma consisted from hepatocyte which formed the hepatic cords and organized around central vein in radially manner while the portal triad had portal vein, hepatic artery and bile duct, on the otherhand the sinusoids situated between the hepatic cords.

Abstract: The use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in medical pathology is revolutionizing disease diagnosis, especially through the analysis of digital histological slides. Traditional slide examination, while effective, is time-consuming and subject to variability. AI, powered by deep learning and computer vision, enhances diagnostic accuracy, efficiency, and consistency.        AI has demonstrated high accuracy in identifying cancer and other abnormalities, with models like "Chief" achieving up to 94% accuracy. It also enables quantitative histomorphometry, helping pathologists assess tissue features with precision. Moreover, AI can integrate histopathological data with genomic insights, potentially identifying treatment options without the need for costly genetic testing.          Automation of routine tasks by AI streamlines workflows, while explainable AI tools like HIPPO ensure transparency in AI decision-making. However, challenges remain, including data quality, computational demands, and the need for regulatory oversight.           Advancements like PathProfiler improve the diagnostic usability of digital slides, and large-scale models such as Virchow are pushing the boundaries of cancer detection using massive datasets. Overall, AI is becoming an indispensable tool in pathology, driving progress toward more personalized and effective healthcare.

Abstract:    This investigation at hand was conducted to evaluate histological changes of proventriculus and spleen of broiler that fed a vegetable diet contains 10% guar ( Cyamopsis tetragonoloba ) meal powder. 60 birds (Ross 308 strain) used were assigned into two groups with thirty chicks, fed on vegetable diet contain protein, the first group fed on diet contain 0% of guar meal powder as a control group (G1), and the second group (G2) fed diet contain 10% of guar meal till the end of the experiment, so the current study revealed that the guar meal was effective on digestion process in proventriculus led to histological effective on the proventriculus which a statistically significant increase P≤0.05 was observed in the diameter of proventricular glands, along with a similar significant increase P≤0.05 in diameter of the lumen of the proventricular glands, while there was no significant difference in the diameter of white pulp of the spleen.

Abstract: By secreting hormones such as steroids and catecholamines, the adrenal gland contributes to the neuroendocrine system, which influences physiological equilibrium. In order to detect inter-dysfunction and adaptive morphological features, this investigation offers a more comprehensive physical and histological analysis of the adrenal glands of certain varieties of wild animals, including non-vegetarian, vegetarian, and ubiquitous species. It was discovered that the shape of the adrenal glands varied greatly between species, indicating metabolic and ecological adaptations. Anatomically, In wild animals, the adrenal glands are small, paired organs that are frequently oval or elongated. They are situated close to the kidneys' cranial pole. Species differences in size, shape, and location reflect ecological adaptations. Each of their two parts—the inner medulla and the outer cortex—has a unique structure and function.  Histologically, all of the species under investigation displayed the typical zonation pattern of the adrenal cortex, which consists of the zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, and zona reticularis, encircling a central medulla. However, these zones' relative thicknesses changed according to the species' physiological requirements. Carnivorous species, for instance, had more developed zona fasciculata, which is a clear adaptation for their increased need for glucocorticoid production. Because different species may react differently to stress, the density of chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla varies. Our comparative analysis contributes to the understanding of adrenal gland biology in wildlife and provides valuable baseline data for evolutionary biology, veterinary endocrinology, and wildlife conservation. The complexity and diversity of adrenal gland structures across wild taxa are highlighted in this study, along with their evolutionary and ecological significance.

Abstract:       The study aimed to analyze the impact of the aqueous extract of Agrimony (AE) ( Agrimonia eupatoria L .) on the hepatotoxic outcomes induced with the aid of orlistat (ORL) in grownup male albino rats on few physiological parameters. The study was performed on 20 male albino rats, which had been randomly divided into four groups, with 5 animals per group. Their a long time was among three to four months, and their weights ranged among 275-375 g, for 30 days, as follows: The first institution (G1) changed into given 1 ml of distilled water (DW) each day and served as the control group (negative). The second institution (G2) was given orlistat (ORL) (32 mg/kg) and served as the control group (positive). The third group (G3) was given aqueous extract of agrimony (AE) at a dose of four hundred mg/kg. The fourth institution (G4) turned into given the agrimony extract (AE) (four hundred mg/kg) first, accompanied three hours later by a dose of orlistat (ORL) (32 mg/kg) and served as the preventive organization. Results: The results confirmed a great increase (P≤0.05) in the stages of liver enzymes AST, ALT, and ALP, and a large decrease (P≤0.05) in the concentrations of general protein, albumin, and globulin within the advantageous control (G2) in comparison to the manage organization (G1). However, the effects additionally indicated a widespread decrease (P≤0.05) in liver enzymes in the G3 and G4 agencies compared to the G2 group, and a significant boom (P≤zero.05) in the 3 proteins in comparison to the G2 institution. Conclusion: We finish from the above that the use of agrimony (AE) might also have protective potential towards the consequences of acute liver toxicity as a result of the drug Orlistat and can enhance physiological changes, bringing them toward regular.