Abstract
By secreting hormones such as steroids and catecholamines, the adrenal gland contributes to the neuroendocrine system, which influences physiological equilibrium. In order to detect inter-dysfunction and adaptive morphological features, this investigation offers a more comprehensive physical and histological analysis of the adrenal glands of certain varieties of wild animals, including non-vegetarian, vegetarian, and ubiquitous species. It was discovered that the shape of the adrenal glands varied greatly between species, indicating metabolic and ecological adaptations. Anatomically, In wild animals, the adrenal glands are small, paired organs that are frequently oval or elongated. They are situated close to the kidneys' cranial pole. Species differences in size, shape, and location reflect ecological adaptations. Each of their two parts—the inner medulla and the outer cortex—has a unique structure and function. Histologically, all of the species under investigation displayed the typical zonation pattern of the adrenal cortex, which consists of the zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, and zona reticularis, encircling a central medulla. However, these zones' relative thicknesses changed according to the species' physiological requirements. Carnivorous species, for instance, had more developed zona fasciculata, which is a clear adaptation for their increased need for glucocorticoid production. Because different species may react differently to stress, the density of chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla varies. Our comparative analysis contributes to the understanding of adrenal gland biology in wildlife and provides valuable baseline data for evolutionary biology, veterinary endocrinology, and wildlife conservation. The complexity and diversity of adrenal gland structures across wild taxa are highlighted in this study, along with their evolutionary and ecological significance.