Abstract: The hippocampus plays important role in memory, emotion, learning. The current study looked into the oxidative Stress (Oxidant, Antioxidant) on the Development of the Hippocampus in the albino male rats in various age. Twenty male albino rats were divided four groups: 1-day group, 1-month group,3-month group and adult group, four groups each contained 5 male rats. For biochemical methods use malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH) and Superoxide dismutase (SOD) kits. We showed the (MDA) in albino male rats, an increase in levels was observed in the adult group during aging compared to the one-day-old group, which showed a lower level. The (GSH) and (SOD) a decrease in (GSH) and (SOD) levels was observed in the adult group during aging, but in the one-day-old group, a high level of (GSH) and (SOD) was observed.

Abstract:           Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are disorders of the development of the central nervous system (CNS), affecting the structure of brain regions involved in learning and memory, such as the hippocampus. Symptoms include impaired social interactions. The prevalence  in Iraq is 89.40 per 10,000 children, with males being 1-4 times more likely than females, Rats are an ideal animal model for studying behavioral aspects of autism mediated by Valproic acid (VPA). Polyphenols present in red grapes Vitis vinifera have been shown to be antioxidant. 20 pregnant female Albino Wistar rats were divided into four groups. The G1  injected with normal saline (0.55 ml to 0.69 ml) according to body weight on gestational day (day 12.5) intraperitoneally (I.P). G2 was injected with 450 mg/kg valproic acid on gestational day (day 12.5E), G3 was administered orally at a dose of 400 mg/kg from day 11.5E until the end of pregnancy. G4 was administered orally at a dose of 400 mg/kg from day 11.5E until the end of pregnancy. They were then injected with 450 mg/kg (I.P) on day 12.5E. The weight and behavior of the male offspring  were assessed using the three-chamber test (3CT) and indicators of oxidative stress in hippocampal tissue. G3 showed the highest weight level compared to the other groups, while the G2 recorded a lower average weight than the G1, and the G4 recorded the lowest average weight. In social interaction, the G3,G4 recorded similar high values, but their value decreased in the G2. In social Novelty, the G1,G4 showed similar high values, while the G3 recorded a higher value than the G2 and a lower value than the G1. The G2 recorded the lowest value for social novelty. The Malondialdehyde (MDA) decrease in the G3 and an increase in the G2 compared to the G1. As for the G4, the index value was close to the G1. The glutathione(GSH) in the G3 showed an increase, and it was close to the G1 level in the G4, and decreased in the G2.  The G3 showed an increase in superoxide dismutase ( SOD) , a decrease in the G2 compared to the G1, and close to the G1 level in the G4. In conclusion, G3 had a positive effect on weight gain, recording the highest average weights. In contrast, G2 caused a decrease in weight, while the G4 showed the lowest average weights compared to both groups. Alcoholic grape extract improves social interaction, with both groups taking it (either with VPA or alone) recording high and similar values. G2 led to a decrease in social interaction, and in social novelty, the G4 showed a value close to the G1 level. The G3 showed an improvement compared to the G2, but it did not reach the G1 level. The G4 showed an effect in reducing MDA and increasing GSH and SOD when used in combination with VPA. In contrast, G2 caused an increase in MDA and a decrease in GSH and SOD.                                                                           

Abstract: The Artificial Intelligence integration into veterinary medication has emerged as a transformative method for boosting diagnostic accuracy, enhancing ailment surveillance, and assisting evidence-based selection-making. This overview investigates present day programs, methodologies, and demanding situations of artificial intelligence pushed clever diagnosis in veterinary practice, with unique awareness on infectious disease detection and epidemiological tracking. By synthesizing latest advancements in machine studying, laptop vision, and records analytics, the paper highlights how AI fashions make contributions to early sickness identification, sample recognition, and predictive analytics for outbreak manage. The evaluate also examines the shortcomings of contemporary structures, which includes troubles with statistics pleasant, model generalizability, and moral troubles in animal health studies. According to the research, AI-enabled diagnostic technologies have a great deal of promise to strengthen veterinary public health systems, enhance animal welfare, and shorten diagnostic wait times. In order to develop artificial intelligence applications in veterinary medicine and open the door to more robust and data-driven methods of managing infectious diseases, this paper ultimately emphasizes the necessity of interdisciplinary cooperation and standardized frameworks.

Abstract: Laparoscopic surgery (LS), which offers major improvements in the treatment of abdominal disorders in pets, has grown to be an essential component of veterinary practice. Comparing this minimally invasive procedure to traditional open surgery, veterinarians may execute difficult surgeries with less tissue damage, fewer problems, and quicker recovery times. Laparoscopic ovariectomy, cryptorchidectomy, gastropexy, cystoscopy, and splenectomy are among the veterinary procedures that use LS; these procedures all benefit from improved visualization, less surgical trauma, and faster recovery after surgery. These benefits improve patient outcomes by lowering post-operative discomfort, reducing the requirement for pain treatment, and shortening hospital stays.  The application of LS in small animal surgery has been significantly improved by the creation of specialized tools and cutting-edge imaging technologies.  This study examines the many uses of laparoscopic procedures in veterinary medicine, emphasizing its advantages, results, and prospects for the future.  According to the results, laparoscopic surgery is a safer and more effective option than open operations, and as it develops, veterinary surgery will likely see even more advancements.  

Abstract: Small ruminants (sheep and goats) play a major role in the economy of million people, and have provided meat, milk, skin, wool and fiber for centuries. Stress is the body's mechanism for responding to a challenge or a problem. In response to a stressor, an organism undergoes physiological or biological stress. Animals are exposed to many kinds of stressors, including heat stress (HS), nutritional stress, chemical stress, and psychological stress. Physiologically heat stress responses can be estimated by changes in intrarectal temperature (°C), respiratory rate (breaths/min), and  heat tolerance index. To assess the impact of thermal stress on overall body functions in small livestock, it is necessary to include indicators that effectively demonstrate the extent to which vital body systems are affected. The inclusion of hormonal change indicators is one of the important aspects in assessing heat stress on animals; however, indicators of gastrointestinal function have not received significant attention in the research field. Accordingly, the research aims to shed some light on the important indicators related to the physiological response of small livestock under thermal stress conditions.

Abstract: Given the growing interest in marine aquaculture, the current study sought to monitor and investigate some of the pathogens affecting marine fish that could pose a threat to marine aquaculture and result in high mortality rates in southern Iraq.  The marine Soleidae, a species of importance in marine aquaculture because of its ease of rearing, was among a variety of marine fish that were examined.  Only one of the thirty fish that were inspected had an infection rate of 3.3%, which is a very low percentage. The findings demonstrated that the nematode worm Huffmanela (Nematoda: Trichosomoididae: Huffmanelinae) lays its eggs in the intestinal tissues of the fish Brachirus orientalis (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) of the Soleidae family, which are unique sites for this kind of infection. Multiple tiny black spots, which are outward indicators of infection, were present on the serous and subcutaneous layers, characterizing the infection. Huffmanela species are known for their polyploid, thick-walled, and tissue-clustering eggs, which were observed both histologically and under a microscope. Additionally, pathological examinations showed that the eggs were rough, brown-shelled, oval to spindle-shaped, and encircled by localized fibrosis and tissue tears.  This study adds to our understanding of the nematode biodiversity in the northern Arabian Gulf by being the first to report Huffmanela infection of B. orientalis in Iraqi marine waters.

Abstract:   The emergence of AmpC β-lactamases-producing Escherichia coli ( E. coli ) strains in poultry, especially in broiler chickens suffering from Avian Metapneumovirus (AMPV) infections, is a growing concern due to the potential for antibiotic resistance. Current study purposes to assess the prevalence of AmpC β-lactamase-producing E. coli isolates in broiler chickens in Duhok, a region in northern Iraq, and to evaluate the effectiveness of phenotypic screening methods for detecting these resistant strains. A total of 100 samples from clinically affected broiler chickens were collected and cultured for the isolation of E. coli . The phenotypic screening was achieved using three methods, acidimetric, ESBL and ESBL- ampC , were collected from September 2024 to March 2025. The results revealed that a significant proportion of E. coli isolates (68% acidimetric), (22% ESBL) and (38% ESBL- ampC ) respectively were positive. The phenotypic tests showed varying sensitivity and specificity, with the combined disc test demonstrating the highest accuracy in identifying AmpC-producing strains. This study highlights the prevalence of AmpC β-lactamases in E. coli isolates from poultry infected with AMPV and emphasizes the need for regular surveillance and the application of effective antimicrobial programs to manage the spread of resistance in veterinary settings.

Abstract: Coccidiosis is one of the most economically important protozoan diseases affecting young calves, primarily caused by host-specific Eimeria species that target the intestinal epithelium. This study investigated the prevalence, species identification, and epidemiological determinants of Eimeria infections in calves from Holy Kerbala, Iraq, using combined parasitological and molecular approaches. A total of 296 fecal samples were collected from calves of different age groups between May 2024 and January 2025 and examined using flotation techniques, followed by PCR amplification of the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS-1) region for the molecular detection of Eimeria bovis. The overall prevalence reached 70%, with significantly higher infection rates in calves ≤1 year of age. Seasonal variation was evident, with peak infections recorded during December and January. PCR successfully amplified the expected 238 bp product specific to E. bovis, confirming its predominance among the detected species. The findings underscore the epidemiological significance of coccidiosis in calves in Kerbala and highlight the superiority of molecular diagnostics over conventional microscopy for accurate species identification. Integrating PCR-based assays with improved management and hygiene practices is essential for effective control and prevention of coccidiosis in cattle herds.

Abstract: Poultry coccidiosis is a major protozoa disease resulting from the intracellular (apicomplexan) parasite Eimeria . The life cycle of Eimeria include extracellular and intracellular   stages that cause a strong inflammation that damages tissue by increasing oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation, clinical symptoms seen include green, yellow, or brown bloody stools, inactivity, being off feed, losing weight, decreasing feed intake, decreasing production, emaciation, having pale wattles and comb, anemia, and dying suddenly. Gross lesions showed haemorrhagic and inflated intestine.The histopathological lesion  showed  congestion of blood vessels with loss of epithelial lining layer and   edema of  mucosal layer with Submucosal necrosis. Villi loss is associated with significant haemorrhages.Oocysts within the villi with lymphoid tissue hyperplasia. . The diagnosis can be done by gross and post-mortem lesion, microscopic examination of feces and molecular technique can be used for diagnosis of coccidiosis, to prevent and treat this condition, a variety of anticoccidial medications and vaccinations have been employed.   

Abstract: Treatment with medicinal plants occupied a large place in medical and pharmaceutical sciences and became a safe source for the pharmaceutical industry at the beginning of the current century, as attention was paid to using them in the programs of the World Health Organization (WHO) despite the great development in the fields of chemistry, pharmacy and the chemical drug industry, as it indicated Recent studies have shown the effect of medicinal plants as antioxidants, an alternative to medications and chemical treatments Creatine monohydrate supplements are among the most popular nutritional supplements in the world Creatine synthesis occurs naturally in the liver, kidneys, and pancreas using three amino acids: arginine, glycine, and methionine, to be stored within the skeletal muscles, which represents 95% of the total of this storage and can be found in the form of free creatine 40% or phosphorylated creatine 60%. Internally Creatine supplements have been used in bodybuilding. This study aimed to assess the anti-inflammatory effects of Eruca sativa leaves extract ZnO nanoparticles on the liver of male rats exposed to the to the high dose of Creatine. In this investigation, a total of 48 male rats were utilized. The research encompassed two experimental trials. The initial study involved 24 rats over a 30-day period to determine the optimal concentration of the zinc oxide nanoparticles of Eruca sativa. The concentrations used were 20, 40, and 60 mg/kg.BW., all of which were deemed safe for use. The second experiment aimed to assess the impact of the nano-extract at the chosen concentration (60 mg/kg.BW.) on the toxicity caused by creatine dosing (4 g/kg) over a 60-day period. The rats were divided into four groups:The experiment involved the administration of 1 ml of a physiological solution with a concentration of 0.09% (G1). According to the experimental protocol, the animals were administered a zinc oxide nanoparticle of Eruca sativa at a concentration of 60 mg/kg (G2). A dosage of creatine monohydrate (4 g/kg) was administered to the animals (G3). (G4): This group serves as the preventative group, and its animals were administered a zinc oxide nanoparticle of Eruca sativa at a dosage of 60 mg/kg, followed by a treatment of creatine at a dosage of 4 g/kg one hour later. the results of the study showed that there was no significant difference (P≥0.05) between the G2 and G1 in the AST, ALT and ALP. Respectively, an increase in AST, ALT and ALP was recorded in G3 compared to G1. The results of the histological results in the current study showed in G2 showed similarity to normal tissue, as it consists of a central vein and a regularity of the hepatic cords composed of polygonal hepatic cells and spherical nuclei with the presence of hepatic sinusoids. also did not notice any histological changes When compared with G1, G3 showed irregularity of the hepatic cords with slight dilatation of the central vein and congestion in the hepatic sinusoids with congestion in the central vein and the presence of slight degeneration of hepatic cells in some areas of the liver and necrosis of hepatic cells also showed infiltration of inflammatory cells compared to G1, G4 showed that The tissue is closer to normal, with regularity of the hepatic cords and a slight expansion of the sinusoids and the central vein compared to the group treated with creatine and G1. In conclusion, the results of this article revealed positive clinical and histopathological effects of Eruca sativa leaves extract ZnO NPs effect on the adverse effects of Creatine - induced liver injury.

Abstract: The objective of this study was to assess the histological characteristics of submucosal Brunner glands and their distribution within the wild rat duodenum. Six healthy brown rats were obtained from the Baghdad animal market. Six experimental animals were captured from orchards in the Middle Euphrates region, the experimental animals were put to sleep using xylazine and ketamine. After being cut up, these samples were taken from different parts of the duodenum and kept in 10% formalin. Following standard histological processing procedures, five μm fragments were created and stained with (Hematoxylin & Eosin and AB 2.5 pH) stain in order to identify neutral mucin. The objects under examination were then viewed under a light microscope and photographs were taken. Among the numerous glands seen in wild brown rats were intestinal glands based on mucus. Within the submucosa, the glands were composed of closely spaced acini. These glands were arranged in dense acinar clusters, particularly near the pancreatic duct. The mucous type glands were the most obvious, but the mixed type was also seen adhering inside the duct that leads to the pancreas. Additionally, sections demonstrated how glands extended from the to the (sub-mucosa) and were each exhausted by a solitary excretory conduit. Furthermore, after entering the smooth muscle layer of the muscularis, the individual gland ducts gradually enlarge, exposing the enormous pyramid-shaped cells that make up the glandular components.

Abstract: The pituitary gland plays a central role in regulating endocrine functions, including growth, reproduction, lactation, and metabolic balance. Objective:  Study of the effect of Lepidium sativum plant extract on the histological structure of the pituitary gland. Materials and methods: A total of 20 sexually mature female domestic rabbits were randomly allocated into 4 categories, each one consisting of 5 pets, and were selected based on 2.5 to 3 kg weights, divided into two main groups. Group 1: Non-pregnant, non-lactating rabbits, and included Section A1 (control): were given sterile water. Section B1 was treated with L. sativum extract powder at a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight. Group 2: Lactating rabbits, Section A2 (control), were treated with sterile water. Section B2 was treated with L. sativum extract at a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight. The experiment lasted for three weeks. a histological examination of the pituitary gland.  Histological results showed that administration of Lepidium sativum extract resulted in significant changes in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. The treated groups, particularly during lactation, exhibited hypertrophy and hyperplasia of lactotroph cells, with prominent nuclei and cytoplasmic activity, indicating a stimulatory effect of the extract on prolactin-secreting cells compared to the normal control group.

Abstract: Marjoram is characterized by containing compounds that are characterized by their antioxidant activity, such as Phenolic substances, especially phenolic acids, Carvacrol, Thymol, and flavonoids are among the most The active compound in antioxidants is hydroquinone, which was used as a sensorVital for cholesterol Hydroquinone derivatives have also revealed activities against lymphocytic leukemia .As for the other components of the marjoram plant they are tannins, alkaloids, saboniat, and terpenoids. (Terpenoids), Phenol Trip. This study aimed to investigate the antioxidant effects of an aqueous extract of Origanum majorana leaves on hematological parameters, liver enzymes, and serum proteins in rabbits. From 1 September, 2024, to 3 January 2025, at the University of Al-Zahrawi's Faculty of Medical Laboratory Technique. where the rabbits used in the experiment were housed in special cages. Twelve rabbits were divided into two groups, G1 receiving water and protein pellets as a control group and G2 receiving Origanum Majorana 150 mg/kg. The findings indicate that Origanum majorana has no discernible impact on the number of red blood cells and packed cell volume. Although Origanum Majorana significantly increases hemoglobin concentration and white blood cell count, The measures of total protein concentration, albumin concentration and globulin concentration. On other hand there is significant decrease effect of Origanum Majorana on Alanine transaminase concentration and Aspartate transaminase concentration. In calculate that Origanum Majoran has effective role in enhancement of immunity by increase white blood cell counts and has antioxidant effect by decrease liver enzymes and increase of liver proteins.  

Abstract: This study aims to examine the effects of Saga (Salvia Officinalis) on liver enzymes, immunity, and blood parameters in rabbits. From November 7, 2023, to January  1, 2024, An Experiment was conducted at the University of Al-Zahrawi's Faculty of Medical Laboratory Technique. where the : Rabbits used in the experiment were housed in special cages. Were housed in individual cages. Twelve rabbits were randomly divided into two groups: G1 received water and pellets as a control, while G2 received Saga (Salvia Officinalis). show that red blood cell counts, packed cell volume, and hemoglobin concentration in G2 have significantly increased after 60 days of Saga (Salvia Officinalis) treatment compared to the first day, but G1 has not changed significantly. However, white blood cells show a significant increase in G2 compared to G1 after treatment with Saga (Salvia officinalis). However, Saga (Salvia Officinalis) significantly reduces the levels of liver enzymes, including alkaline phosphatase, aspartate transaminase, and alanine transaminase. In conclusion By raising the white blood cell count, sage (Salvia officinalis) improved immunity. Additionally, by raising hemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume, and red blood cell count, the sage Salvia officinalis enhances hematopoiesis. Lastly, Salvia officinalis is thought to be a good option for liver injury because it has an enhancing effect on liver enzymes.

Abstract: Chloramphenicol-induced bone marrow suppression remains a critical limitation in veterinary therapeutics. This study investigated the histological protective effects of Equisetum arvense extract on bone marrow architecture in rabbits exposed to chloramphenicol. Twenty healthy adult rabbits were divided into four groups: control, chloramphenicol (50 mg/kg), E. arvense (200 mg/kg), and combined treatment. Bone marrow samples were collected after 21 days for histopathological examination. Chloramphenicol induced hypocellularity, depletion of granulocytic and megakaryocytic series, and expansion of adipose spaces. In contrast, E. arvense extract preserved marrow architecture with hypercellularity and megakaryocytic proliferation, while the combined treatment demonstrated partial restoration with evidence of angiogenesis and osteoblastic activity. These results confirm that E. arvense exerts marrow-protective and regenerative effects against chloramphenicol-induced toxicity, likely due to its antioxidant and osteogenic bioactive compounds.