Abstract: There has been considerable interest in the use of medicinal plants as possible sources of therapeutic drugs against infectious diseases, especially because of growing concerns about antimicrobial resistance. Verbascum thapsus (mullein) is a well-known traditional medicinal plant known for its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory activities. This review highlights recent scientific findings related to phytochemistry, anti-inflammatory properties, and immunomodulatory action of extracts obtained from mullein leaves with special focus on their possible application in the treatment of infectious diseases. Various experiments conducted on mullein extracts showed that they can regulate key inflammatory pathways such as NF-kappa B and MAPK signaling, inhibiting various pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6, and increasing anti-inflammatory cytokines like IL-10. Besides this, numerous studies carried out in vitro and in vivo have confirmed the antimicrobial potential of mullein against both Gram positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and its antioxidant action in decreasing oxidative stress. Based on this information, it can be concluded that this species of Verbascum thapsus is an excellent candidate for the development of a natural remedy to combat infectious diseases. Moreover, it also has the potential for use in veterinary medicine to increase immunity and manage infections in animals. Additional studies are necessary to determine its safety, dosage, and effectiveness in treatment.

Abstract: The aim of this study was to assess the resistance and survival of S. aureus under different environmental stresses (temperature variations and Salinity levels) in domestic and imported poultry meat marketed. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) had been increasingly highlighted due to both its capability of eliciting food poisoning and its ability of causing invasive infections in human beings. The extraordinary ability of this bacterium for surviving under variable environmental conditions such as temperature variations, salinity changes stress results in its being an enduring risk within the chain of poultry production and supply systems. A total of one hundreds poultry meat samples were collected as frozen meat from local markets and fresh meat from butchers (fifty for each one) in Karbala province / Iraq. The period of collection beginning from October 2025 and till the end February 2026, all samples were collected by sterile cold containers, and immediately transport in ice boxes to microbiological laboratory in the university of Karbala, College of Veterinary Medicine for bacteriological investigation. The results were shown a great effect of refrigeration on 8̊ C (0.50 log) for 2 days and cooking at 75̊ (>6.26 log) for 5 mins and low effect of freezing and there is impact effect of salinity (Na Cl) 10 %( 4.28 log) on bacterial growth. This study demonstrated that the cooking and salinity of poultry meat products are unfavorable for S. aureus survival and growth and that the thermal process used during manufacture can limit staphylococcal contamination. This study concluded that ,levels of contamination of the poultry meat products are low when refrigerated temperature or  absent in salinity is used for storage of the final product, and killing bacteria in cooking products before consumption

Abstract: This study set out to measure the frequency of Proteus spp. in hatcher settings gathered in Karbala City, as well as to identify and isolate these species. Bacteria belonging to the Magnoliaceae family, which are peritrichously flagellated, are distinguishable from other members of the order Enterobacterales by the multicellular differentiation phenomenon, which causes them to proliferate in intense and spectacular swarms on solid substrates. Three hundred samples were collected from different hatcheries in the city of Karbala, and culture tests such as (blood agar, MacConkey agar and XLD) and chemical tests such as (G stain, Catalase Oxidase test, Indole test, Cimone Citate test, Triple sugar ion (TSI) agar test and Urase production) were performed. Isolation was confirmed using the VITEK apparatus. The culture and chemical results showed the presence of bacteria Proteus spp .Out of the 300 isolates that were examined, the following categories of samples tested positive (14% of the total): newly 36.6% of hatched chicks, 13.3% of workers, 6.6% of doors, 0% of trays, 0% of incubators, 40% of chicken droppings, 0% of cardboard envelopes, 33.3% of the floor, 26.6% of fans, 20% of ventilation openings, and eggs and other developmental stages (0%) in conclusion P. mirabilis exhibits versatility bacterium recognized as a significant opportunistic uropathogen, particularly known for causing complicated in chicken hatcheries.

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence and regional variation of Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) levels in milk samples taken from five districts. Fifty milk samples were randomly collected from Al-Hamza, AL-Diwaniyha, Al-Sunniyah, Al-Shamiya and Al-Daghara regions from farms and markets of Al-Diwaniyah Governorate for the period between October 2025 and January 2026, in all (n = 10 each district) were examined. Every sample (100%) had a positive AFM1 test. Al-Hamza had mean quantities of 0.411 ± 0.041 ppb, while Al-Diwaniyah had mean values of 0.489 ± 0.048 ppb. Districts differed significantly, according to statistical analysis using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) (F(4,45) = 6.87, P = 0.0004). Al-Diwaniyah and Al-Sunniyah had considerably greater levels than Al-Hamza (P < 0.05), according to a post-hoc comparison using Duncan's multiple range test, whereas Al-Shamiya and Al-Daghara showed intermediate concentrations. AFM1 contamination levels may be influenced by management factors, feed storage techniques, and environmental conditions, according to the reported geographical variance. In order to lower exposure hazards and safeguard public health, these findings emphasize the necessity of ongoing monitoring programs and enhanced control mechanisms.

Abstract: This study was conducted to isolate and identify Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii ) from various types of meat and dairy products; in addition, it studied the distribution of selected virulence-associated genes that are linked to the ability of bacteria to be pathogenic and resistant to antibiotics. A total of 120 samples were taken from meat of sheep, calves, and cow milk products. These samples were cultured onto selective media then confirmed as A. baumannii at the species level via the use of the blaOXA-51 gene which is specific for the species. Of the samples tested, 48/120 samples were identified as being positive for A. baumannii . In terms of prevalence rates there was no statistical difference observed when comparing samples taken from sheep (42.5%), calf (40.0%), and milk products (37.5%). Virulence associated determinants were also assessed via molecular methods. Of particular note was the detection of ompA in approximately 81.2% percent of samples tested. Additionally, the T6SS gene was found to have been present in roughly 47.9% of samples tested. Collectively these data indicate that animals that provide food products (e.g., cows) could represent an important source of potentially virulent strains of A. baumannii and further demonstrate how the food supply can function as a vehicle for transmission of this opportunistic pathogen. Additionally, the nearly universal detection of ompA indicates a high prevalence of pathogenic potential amongst the isolated strains. Conversely, the variability in detection of T6SS indicates that virulence mechanisms in A. baumannii could be based upon multiple mechanisms dependent upon the individual strain. Collectively, the above findings emphasize the need for continued molecular surveillance of A. baumannii within food products produced from animals to ensure adequate food safety and protect public health.

Abstract: The present research examined whether Eruca Sativa ’s alcohol extract, Eruca Sativa 's nanoparticles, and Endophytic fungal extracts could prevent reproductive hormone dysfunction caused by lead acetate in male rats. Data collection occurred from Oct 2025 – Feb 2026 at the College of Vet Med, University of Kerbala, Iraq. Adult male rats (8-10 wks old) weighing between 200-250 grams were randomly assigned to one of six experimental groups: Negative Control, Positive Control (lead-exposed), Alcohol Extract Group ( E. sativa ), Nanoparticle Group ( E. sativa ), Aspergillus Endophyte Group, and Fusarium Endophyte Group. Serum Luteinizing Hormone (LH), Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH), Testosterone, and Inhibin-B were determined through ELISA assays. The highest amounts of phenolics were detected in the alcohol-based extraction solutions. Due to their small size, nanoparticles retained an appreciable number of the bioactive compounds. Treatment with Lead Acetate produced significant reductions in serum concentrations of LH, FSH, and testosterone when compared to the negative control. Significant increases in serum Inhibin-B were observed as well. Treatments with each of the four test agents resulted in statistically significant improvements in serum FSH levels. Statistically significant improvements in LH levels were achieved with both Fusarium Endophyte and E. Sativa Nanoparticles. The greatest improvement in testosterone levels was noted in animals treated with E. sativa nanoparticles. Additionally, testosterone was increased in animals treated with Fusarium endophytes. No increase in testosterone levels was seen in either of the two other treatment groups. Statistically significant decreases in serum Inhibin-B were observed in all four treatment groups.

Abstract: Toxocara canis is a zoonotic helminth parasite that primarily infects dogs and poses a significant risk to human health. This study was conducted to perform a traditional microscopic diagnosis of T. canis in dogs within Babylon Province, Iraq, between October 2025 and January 2026. A total of 75 fecal samples were randomly collected and examined using direct wet smear, flotation, and sedimentation techniques. The overall infection rate was found to be 24% (18/75). Puppies showed a higher infection rate (34.28%) compared to adults (15%), and females recorded a higher prevalence (29.72%) than males (18.42%), although these differences were not statistically significant. Geographically, the highest prevalence was observed in Al-Kifl (40%). The study highlights the need for regular deworming programs to mitigate zoonotic risks.

Abstract: This experiment was conducted at the Poultry Farm of the College of Agriculture, University of Anbar , from 13/9/2025 to 25/10/2025, lasting for 42 days . The study aimed to evaluate the impact of utilizing low-protein diets supplemented with synthetic amino acids on the physiological performance of Ross 308 broiler chickens and their role in promoting environmental sustainability by reducing gas emissions. A total of 192 broiler chicks were used, randomly distributed into three dietary treatments: T1 (control) with standard protein levels (21%, 20%, and 19%) for the starter, grower, and finisher phases, respectively; while protein levels in T2 and T3 were reduced by 1% and 2% , respectively , with amino acid fortification .No statistically meaningful (P<0․05) difference was observed for the hematological parameters (Hb‚ PCV‚ RBC‚ WBC) and heterophil/lymphocyte (H/L) ratio and for blood biochemical parameters (total protein‚ albumin‚ globulin, glucose, V.LDL, LDL, HDL, Triglyc and Cholesterol)․ No negative effect was observed for renal parameters (creatinine and uric acid) and liver enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase (AST and ALT)․ All these suggest that metabolic and physiological homeostasis was achieved during the experimental period․ Therefore‚ a reduction of dietary crude protein without disturbing the amino acids ratio may provide an alternative way to reduce poultry production costs while also minimizing nitrogen and ammonia excretion without adversely affecting biological efficiency․

Abstract: Wound healing is a complex process involving tissue remodeling, cellular proliferation, and inflammatory responses  of their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and collagen-supporting qualities, Aloe vera and PRP are widely recognized for their ability to heal wounds. Aims to evaluate the synergistic effect  of efficacy of combined Aloe vera extract and PRP in healing full-thickness skin wounds in a rabbit model  over through microscopic assessment of skin wounds,of skin wounds, including evaluation of wound characteristics and related  histopathological indicator and histological indicator analysis using Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E). Methods Forty male rabbits were split into two groups: the control group received  (untreated), while the treatment group received ( Aloe vera + PRP).  Full -thickness incision were created on the dorsum of each rabbit  had full-thickness incisions made on its dorsum, and treatments were given every day for three, seven, fourteen, and twenty-one days. Results: When compared to the control group, the combination therapy group had the most wound closure and reduction in the wound area. The histopathological examination revealed accelerated re-epithelization  with increased collagen deposition and denser granulation tissue   combined therapy group's histological examination revealed increased collagen deposition, thick granulation tissue, and almost total re-epithelialization. The entire surface of the wound is covered in a continuous layer of epidermis, signifying complete re-epithelialization of the separate layers.  The dermis beneath the epidermis appeared to be securely bonded. The dermal structure becomes more ordered, and connective tissue resembles the dermis of healthy skin. Conclusion: These findings suggest that PRP and AloeVera work in concert to improve tissue repair and speed up the healing of wounds. The combo treatment might be a more effective therapeutic approach for wound care.

Abstract: Oyster mushroom ( Pleurotus ostreatus ) contains bioactive components such as polysaccharides, beta-glucans and phenolic compounds; it is gaining popularity as a natural alternative to antimicrobial growth promoters in poultry production. These substances possess antioxidant, antimicrobial, and immunomodulatory properties that may improve the health and productivity of broiler chickens. The purpose of this study was to assess how supplementing with Pleurotus ostreatus affected liver function, antioxidant status, lipid profile, and biochemical markers. Under usual settings, two groups of broiler chickens were randomly assigned: a treatment group that received 2% Pleurotus ostreatus supplementation for six weeks, and a control group that received a basal diet. Blood samples were taken for serum analysis at the conclusion of the experiment. An independent t-test with a statistical significance level of P < 0.05 was used to analyze the data, which are presented as mean ± standard deviation. Compared to the control and treatment groups, the treatment group showed lower levels of glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). A significant decrease in triglycerides, VLDL, and AST was observed. While glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) levels decreased only slightly, albumin, globulin, and catalase levels increased slightly. These results suggest that oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) may improve liver function and lipid metabolism in broiler chickens.

Abstract: Camels play a vital role in the livestock sector in Al-Muthanna Governorate, The statistics of the Ministry of Agriculture/ Department of Planning 2008 revealed that the total numbers of camels in Iraq and in Al Muthanna province were (58293) and (7205) heads respectively. The latest statistics 2016-2017 revealed an increase in the numbers of camels in Al Muthanna (17500) head.(38)  This underscores the importance of camel breeding in the governorate, where breeders benefit from their meat, hides, and other products. Camel milk is considered a major desert resource, often referred to as "white gold of the desert." Consequently, the study of mammary glands and their development before and after puberty is a neglected area of research in the governorate. This study aimed to investigate the morphological structure of the mammary gland during pre- and post-pubertal periods, the changes that have occurred to it, and to compare morphological and morphometric changes in the mammary glands during these periods. This study successfully achieved its objectives by collecting 12 camel samples, divided into two groups of six samples each: six pre-pubescent and six post-pubescent. These samples underwent a morphological study (general description of the mammary glands, including gross study) and diagnostic imaging (radiography, computed tomography (CT), and ultrasound). A morphometric study was also conducted, involving numerous measurements of the teats and udder. The morphological study revealed that the pre-pubescent mammary glands are fully developed and complete in all their parts. These parts include two to three teat ducts, which connect to a teat cistern. This cistern, in turn, connects to the glandular cistern, which has a spongy consistency and contains cavities of varying sizes. These cavities decrease in size as they approach the parenchyma tissue. A clear change was observed in the morphometric measurements of both the teats and udder. found to be statistically significant using a t-test (p-value ≤ 0.05) with the exception of: Diameter of teats at the apex, anterior left (mm), which had a significance value of 0.457; and Diameter of the teats at the tip, left posterior (mm), with a significance value of 0.145; and Diameter of teats at the tip, right posterior (mm), with a significance value of 0.252. These values were considered not statistically significant and did not show a clear difference or tangible change during the pre- and post-pubertal periods. This confirms that the samples did not experience lactation even after puberty, based on the age range used in the study, which suggests that lactating females typically have noticeably rounded teat at the tip.    

Abstract: This experiment was designed to identify indicators of oxidative stress and histological changes in the aortic wall of male albino rats with hyperthyroidism. The increasing prevalence of hyperthyroidism worldwide, and its direct association with higher morbidity and mortality rates when left untreated, has made it a highly important focus of histological and pathological studies. twelve adult male white rats, were used and divided into a control group, which had free access to food and water, and an experimental group, which was given 1.5 mg/kg of body weight levothyroxine (L-T4) orally. The experiment lasted 30 days, after which the animals were sacrificed, blood was drawn to examine indicators of oxidative stress, the aortas was also excised and prepared for examination There is a decrease in the concentration of antioxidants (SOD, GSH,CAT) and an increase in the level of (MDA), as well as an increase in thyroid hormones (T3,T4) and a decrease in (TSH) hormone. There are clear histological changes in the layers of the aortic wall in the groups affected by hyperthyroidism, The most important changes are an increase in the thickness of the arterial wall, degeneration of smooth muscle cells, and enlargement of the nuclei in the case of routine staining. However, the characteristic changes in the case of Masson's trichrome staining are an increase in the deposition of collagen fibers in the middle and outer tunica.

Abstract: The present work was aimed to evaluate the histopathological changes in hepatic tissue of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) isolated from various sources of water in the Kerbala Governorate, Iraq. A total of 40 fish specimens were collected from several sites in the Kerbala Governorate representing a variety of environmental conditions. Liver samples were carefully dissected and fixed in 10 % neutral buffered formalin and processed by routine histological techniques used for microscopic examination. Tissue specimens were histologically diagnosed with Harris haematoxylin with eosin (H&E) and Periodic Acid–Schiff (PAS) stained. The results of the histological comparison concluded that all experimental groups presented histologically abnormal liver tissues, highlighting the great influence of the environment on liver integrity and consequently on fishes’ health. The most significant changes were in portal and parenchymal fibrosis with an increase in connective tissue growth. The distinct hepatocellular alterations recorded were disruption of hepatic cord architecture with vacuolar and hydropic degeneration. Vascular changes were there as well with either constriction or dilation of hepatic sinusoids and infiltration of proteinaceous material. Histochemical evaluation demonstrated a higher concentration of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in the hepatic parenchyma. Likewise, inflammatory responses were observed with an increased infiltration of fibroblasts and melano-macrophage cells (MMCs). The degree of liver changes was different among the studied groups from moderate degenerative and fibrotic changes to severe cellular damage and necrosis, suggesting a progressive pattern of liver damage depending on the environmental conditions. These results emphasise the relevance of hepatic histological alterations as reliable biomarkers in the assessment of aquatic pollution and general environmental health status.

Abstract: Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is a major global health concern characterized by hepatic lipid accumulation, dyslipidemia, and oxidative stress. Postbiotic chitosan nanoparticles offer a promising therapeutic strategy. Postbiotics-loaded chitosan nanoparticles represent a compelling therapeutic approach worth exploring. This study investigated the effects of Lactobacillus plantarum -Chitosan Nanoparticles (LCN) on serum lipid profiles and antioxidant capacity in a rat model of NAFLD. Thirty-two male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: G1 (negative control, standard diet), G2 (positive control, high-fat diet to induce NAFLD for two months), G3 (NAFLD + L. plantarum oral administration), and G4 (NAFLD + LCN oral administration). Serum lipid profile - triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) — were measured alongside oxidative stress markers, including superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Nanoformulation treatment in G4 significantly lowered TG, TC, LDL-C, VLDL-C, and MDA relative to G2, while restoring normal levels of HDL-C and SOD activity.. These findings indicate that LCN exerts meaningful hypolipidemic and antioxidant effects in NAFLD rats, pointing to their potential as a novel nutraceutical intervention.

Abstract: The ruminant output is significantly hampered by gastrointestinal parasite infection, which can result in production losses and, in extreme situations, even death. Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. are currently regarded in veterinary medicine as significant pathogens in the aetiology of diarrhea in confined calves. The aim of study was to detect the Gastro-intestinal parasites ( Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp.) in farm animals and risk factor to transport the infection with effect the infection on Hematological parameter. The aim of study was to detect the Gastro-intestinal parasites ( Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp.) in farm animals and risk factor to transport the infection with effect the infection on Hematological parameter. In this study, 300 blood and fecal samples (100 sheep, 100 goats and 100 cattle) of ages (<1 year and ˃1 year ) and sexes from the Karbala province were collected between August and March. All sampled animals were maintained under an extensive open-field grazing system. Microscopic analyses Protozoa were the parasites that were discovered in the fecal samples of sheep, goats, and cattle during the study period. The overall prevalence of intestinal parasites was 28.66%, or almost 41%. In sheep, 27% of the goats and 18% of the cattle were infected. The study shows a clear dominance of Cryptosporidium spp. over Giardia spp. across all farm animals. For both parasites, the infection rates followed an identical trend: Sheep > Goats > Cattle. Cryptosporidium spp. showed higher infection rates than Giardia spp. across all species. Cryptosporidium spp. the data showed higher infection rates in animals older than one year, the female higher infection rates than male   The study demonstrates that protozoan parasites significantly compromise the health and hematological status of livestock, with males and older animals showing unexpected prominence in infection rates, necessitating improved environmental management and targeted veterinary intervention.  

Abstract: To distinguish different species variations, overall morpho-histochemical traits are compared to those associated with other small carnivores or animal species. for an evaluation of the distribution and ratios of various pituitary cells. Ten healthy adult gray mongooses from the Middle Euphrates region were used in this study. After being collected, the animals were dissected, and the pituitary glands, which weighed between 550 and 600 g, were carefully removed to avoid damaging the tissues. Intramuscular injections of a combination of xylazine and ketamine (0.9 mg/kg and 26 mg/kg, respectively) were administered to the experiment animals.  According to histochemical analyses, the pituitary gland of gray mongooses is shaped like a M and is separated into three regions: pars disalis, pars intermedia, and pars nervosa. Based on their affinity for chromophils (acidophil and basophil) and chromophobes, the two cell types in the adenohypophysis were classified. Acidophils were bigger than chromophobes and basophils. The periphery of the pars distalis contained two types of cells that varied in size and shape, accounting for about 35% of the pars distalis. Basophils were distributed in clusters and were larger and more numerous than acidophils and chromophobes. It comprises 60% of the pars distalis cells, while chromophobes only account for 5% of the total. In accordance to the current study, the pars distalis contained five different types of basophils, which were dispersed in different regions based on hormone secretion. The shape of the gray mongoose's pituitary gland varied, indicating that different wild animals—especially carnivorous ones—have different functional specializations. These discoveries offer basic knowledge about wildlife.

Abstract: Objective: The purpose of this study is to comprehend the structural features of the thyroid gland in chicks, identifying its cellular components, follicular organization, and vascularization. For this study, ten broiler chickens that were one day old had their thyroid glands removed. 10% neutral buffered formalin, the standard stain used in this investigation, was applied to all specimens. The study's histological features revealed that the thyroid glands parenchyma contained a large number of follicles, all of which were filled with jelly-like colloid. Simple cuboidal cells lined the follicles; these cells looked dense.  The para-follicular cells (C-cells) spread interstitial space, appeared polygonal in shape, pale stain, these cells found in fewer numbers. more massive and more pale. Their nuclei were round  and the cytoplasm was faintly dyed. Follicles, the primary organs and structures of the thyroid gland, made up the majority of the samples taken from chicken thyroid glands. fortunately there were significant differences in dimensions and spatial arrangement, the follicles within the glandular parenchyma of the newborn broiler chick were already well developed. There were sporadic larger follicles, but the majority had small to medium diameters. A single layer of epithelial (follicular) cells lined the follicles, which were typically spherical in shape. Conclusion, with many colloid-filled follicles, a cuboidal epithelial lining, and few parafollicular cells, the thyroid gland in one-day-old chicks is structurally well developed, demonstrating early functional readiness and active endocrine organization.

Abstract: In the recent decades, antimicrobial resistance (AMR), has been emerged as public health challenges. Since miss uses of antibiotics particularly in the developing countries. The threat of drug-resistant bacteria requires great efforts to develop ‎highly effective and safe bactericide. This study aimed to create silver nano particles (AgNPs) by reduction of silver nitrate with sodium citrate salt. The project included preparation of silver nano particles and characterization of AgNPs; UV–vis, XRD and AFM.  Besides, Fifty cloacal swabs were collected from broiler then, bacterial isolation and agar diffusion gel were done.  The result of AgNPs characterization were; UV-vis peak at 350 nm; X ray diffraction amorphous crystalline at size 7-10 nm; and AFM grain nanoparticles at size 27nm. The four bacterial spp. gained (50 isolates) were examined to the antibacterial profile of gram-positive bacterial isolates showed sensitivity(mm) to: Ciprofloxacin (21.52± 0.2), Gentamicin (20.54 ± 0.2), Levoxacine (20.57 ± 0.15), Norfloxacin (22.59 ± 0.2), Oxacillin (16.1± 0.2) and resistance to Tetracycline (0.00). Whereas, the antibacterial profile of gram-negative bacterial isolates displayed sensitivity (mm) to: Ciprofloxacin (20.2±0.2), Gentamicin (18.11± 0.1), Levofloxacin (18.22± 0.12), Norfloxacin (20.2±0.2), but resistance to Oxacillin and Tetracycline (00.0). The sensitivity profile of AgNP showed; (20.54 ± 0.2), (16.11± 0.1) against gram positive and gram-negative bacterial isolates respectively. Accordingly, AgNP shown sensitivity to gram positive and gram-negative bacteria included the resistance isolates. The AgNPs as antimicrobial agents holds promise for the use to sanitation process in poultry industry.

Abstract: Assess of  short-term physiological and biochemical changes associated with experimentally induced impairment of nephron function in adult male rats. To identify potential neighborhood-level determinants of adopting healthy eats and were able to synthesize evidence indicators for 40 rats into two literature: a group control1 with specific combined tubular injury-rat kidney, or glomerular injury obtaining from Cisplatin (Cis)-obstructive nephropathy models of acute kidney disease through Adriamycin stumble (ADR). Serum urea, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), uric acid and creatinine were measured at 10, 20 and 30 days. The results showed that significantly increased levels of urea, BUN, uric acid and creatinine (P < 0.01) with progressive renal function impairment were found in the cisplatin-treated and combined-injury groups as compared to controls. In contrast, minimal biochemical change occurred in day 30 serum following simple treatment with Adriamycin alone, suggesting that initial quantitation of this pathophysiologic model following treatment validation may require more sensitive markers or secondarily activated processes after glomerular structural injury. Overall, additive or synergistic nephron injury due to tubular epithelial toxicity and filtration barrier dysfunction was indicated by the combined model displaying the most advanced impairment. Results confirmed the diagnostic relevance of conventional renal failure markers for nephrotoxicity in experimental models and emphasized their complementarity with early tubular and glomerular biomarkers, histopathological assessment regarding segment specificity of nephron damage.

Abstract: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disorder of carbohydrate metabolism characterized by abnormal persistent state of hyperglycemia which is associated with lipid metabolic disorders and oxidative stress.This study aimed to compare the effects of green coffee bean extract (GCBE) and berberine for the amelioration of STZ-induced hyperglycaemia in male adult rats. Thirty adult male rats were used and divided randomly into six experimental groups (5 rats/group) as follows: control, cloud of strep /streptozotocin-induced diabetes group, berberine treated group alone, green coffee-treated group alone, streptozotocin + berberine-treated group and streptozotocin + green coffee (Coffea arabica)-treated groups. Experimental diabetes was induced using streptozocin (45 mg/kg body weight). Diabetes was defined as fasting blood glucose ≥ 200 mg/dl after 48 hours. The oral treatment lasted for a period of 8 consecutive weeks. The biochemical analysis included blood glucose, lipid profile parameters and oxidative stress biomarkers (malondialdehyde (MDA) & glutathione(GSH&& superoxide dismutase(SOD) ). The findings revealed that diabetic rats induced by STZ showed increased hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia and oxidative stress as compared to control. The administration of GCBE and berberine also improved most of the biochemical parameters. Green coffee extract exhibited more pronounced antihyperglycemic and antioxidant activities as compared to the cholesterol-lowering effect of berberine.

Abstract: Methotrexate (MTX) is a widely employed chemotherapeutic and immunosuppressive agent, but its clinical use is frequently hampered by hepatotoxic side effects due to oxidative stress and inflammation. The objective of the current study was to investigate the hepatoprotective effects of melatonin and resveratrol, as single agents or in combination, against liver injury induced by methotrexate (MTX) in male rats. Fifty adult male rats were randomly assigned into five groups, including control group, MTX group (20 mg/kg/week), MTX + melatonin group (30 mg/kg/day), MTX + resveratrol group (25 mg/kg/day) and treatment groups in which both melatonin and resveratrol administrated orally. Impressions The changes in liver enzymes, oxidative stress markers, antioxidant parameters, and histopathological alterations were evaluated at the end of the ethanol-feeding period. MTX treatment resulted in profound liver damage as shown by increased serum liver biochemistry parameters and enhanced malondialdehyde levels with concomitant modifications of the antioxidant defense systems. Melatonin or resveratrol treatments ameliorated these negative effects by correcting oxidative balance, enhancing hepatic tissue damage. The combined treatment had a more potent protective effect than single treatments, leading to significant amelioration of biochemical and histopathological outcomes. The study demonstrated that melatonin and resveratrol are potent antioxidants and hepatoprotectors from MTX-induced liver toxicity, but their combination has a higher protective efficacy than each agent when used alone due to synergistic antioxidant activity

Abstract: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of different dietary regimens on potential histological alterations of proventricular tissue in the adult cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus). Eighteen clinically healthy birds (6-8 months old) with body weights between 70-100 g were randomly divided into three groups (n=6). Group 1 (G1) was fed fruits and vegetables, Group 2 (G2) was fed abalanced diet (grains, fruits and vegetables) and Group 3 (G3) was fed sunflower seeds only. The animals were kept for two months under controlled environmental conditions (24-28 °C; 10-12 h light/day) with free access to feed and water. All birds were clinically healthy throughout the experimental period, and no mortality or abnormal behavior was recorded.    The birds were euthanized and placed in dorsal recumbency and the proventriculus was carefully excised, fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin and processed for histological examination using standard techniques.Then, tissue sections were stained with Harris hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and Periodic Acid–Schiff (PAS) stain also Masson’s trichrome stain. The most important observations indicated a structural difference in the proventriculus among the groups, depending on the composition of the diet, with the fruits and vegetables group presenting a relatively thin muscle layer, small glandular diameter and fine septa between glands. In the balanced diet group, moderate development of the muscularis externa, diameter of the glands as well as thickness of the septa was observed, while in the sunflower seed group, increased thickness of the muscularis externa, enlarged glandular structures and widened septa were recorded. The morphometric measurements supported these findings, with significant differences in proventricular gland diameter and septal thickness between these groups. In conclusion, the findings suggest that the dietary composition is the main element affecting the metabolic activity and the structural integrity of the visceral organs, and is associated with visible structural variation in the proventriculus as a glandular stomach. Furthermore, these findings emphasize the significance of balanced nutrition for the normal physiological status and suggest that unbalanced diets may predispose birds to structural and functional modifications.

Abstract: Homocysteine (Hcy), an amino acid that contains thiols and is naturally formed when methionine and cysteine are exchanged . there is a noticeable rise in Hcy in blood plasma is called hyperhomocysteinemia ( HHcy) , which cause cardiovascular disease , cerebrovascular disease and  liver tissue destruction . Twenty male rats, participated in the experiment. The rats  were split up randomly  into HHcy group  and control group for 21day of the study , Rats in the HHcy  group were given normal diet plus methionine orally ( 1ml/200g BW )  , Rats in control group were given normal diet . At the end of the exposure period, rats was sacrified, and the liver is taken out for histological examination , Haematoxylin and Eosin (Hand E) stain was used to stain the sections . the current study showed a dilated central vein with indistinct hepatocyte swelling and edematous material .

Abstract: Bisphenol-A (BPA) is a broadly used substance in our environment. The current study was established to investigate whether Shilajit inhibits the toxic effect of bisphenol in the testis and epididymis. Three groups of thirty rabbits were created: G1 received water and pellets as a control, G2 received bisphenol A (1 ml/kg), and G3 received bisphenol A (1 ml/kg) plus shilajit (0.2 g/kg). Histopathological findings showed characteristic testicular changes, including severe thickening of the tunica albuginea due to fibrosis  and degeneration of primary spermatogonia , atrophy of seminiferous tubules  with vacuolation ; severe widening of interstitial spaces and a distorted , detached basement membrane .There was thickening of the  basement membrane with  inflammatory cells in the interstitial tissue in G2.Also, the histopathological  findings of the epididymis showed  hydropic degeneration of the lining epithelia and severe collagen deposition and widening of the  interstitial tissue containing mononuclear  inflammatory cells as well as Oligospermia hyperplasia of the lining epithelia with thick stroma due to hypertrophy of smooth muscle fibers of G2.The third group showed closely packed seminiferous tubules with a regular appearance , sperm in the lumen ,a narrow interstitium, intercellular vacuolations minimal changes in the epididymal duct with scanty stereocilia  ,numerous  spermatozoa in the lumen  with few vacuolated cells , and narrowing interstitial tissue. The results of our study showed that BPA administration induced abnormalities and histopathological alteration in the testis and epididymis   Co-treatment with shilajit provided a protective antioxidant role against such adverse effects.

Abstract: Background: Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and their associated toxins, especially lipopolysaccharide (LPS), elicit distinct immunological responses that may modulate vitamin D3 and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. Aim: This study aimed to determine the physiological effects of different bacterial agents and two doses of endotoxin (LPS) on serum vitamin D3 and CRP levels in male albino rats. Methods: Eighty-four male albino rats were randomly assigned to seven groups (n=12/group): negative control (G1), Staphylococcus aureus (G2), Streptococcus pyogenes (G3), Salmonella typhi (G4), Klebsiella pneumoniae (G5), diluted LPS 2.5 µg/kg (G6), and concentrated LPS 5 µg/kg (G7). Serum vitamin D3 and CRP were measured by ELISA on days 2, 4, and 6. Results: Vitamin D3 levels showed significant inter-group differences on all days (P≤0.05), with the highest early value in G6 (66.4±9.72 ng/mL on day 2) and the lowest in G7 (45.0±0.64 ng/mL on day 4). CRP showed significant differences only on day 2 (P=0.00283), with G3 recording the highest value (41.45±1.78 mg/L). Conclusion: Gram-negative bacteria and LPS had the greatest influence on vitamin D3 dynamics, with a clear dose-dependent effect. CRP was an early-phase acute-response marker with significant differences limited to the early stage of infection.

Abstract: Iodine is a double-edged sword; while essential for thyroid function, excessive intake triggers systemic toxicity. This study evaluated the chronic effects of oral iodine on the liver and brain of thirty guinea pigs over a 60-day period. The animals were divided into: Group I (Negative Control); Group II (Positive Control, receiving potassium iodide at 10 mg/kg); and Group III (Experimental, receiving a 20% iodine solution). The study utilized biochemical assays, H&E staining, and Nissl staining to assess cellular and neuronal integrity. Hepatotoxicity and Metabolic Impairment Biochemical analysis revealed a significant, time-dependent elevation in serum ALT and AST levels, particularly in Group III. Neuro histological Changes and Neuronal Degeneration The central nervous system showed marked vulnerability to chronic iodine exposure, Meningeal vascular congestion, liquefactive cortical necrosis, diffuse neuronal death, and reactive astrogliosis were observed in histopathological analysis of treated animals. Nissl staining additionally showed prominent chromatolysis, consistent with loss of neuronal protein synthesis. The chronic overexposure to iodine precipitates irreversible multi-organ dysfunction by cellular necrosis and metabolic perturbation, with the severity of toxicity being highly dose-dependent and therefore requiring the establishment of strict evidence-based upper intake limits.  

Abstract: The connection between therapeutics and toxicology is characterized by a key scientific concept; the same drug can act as either a toxicant or a drug with respect to the dosage, exposure circumstances, susceptibility in the biology, and clinical circumstances. This review discusses that fine line incorporating the toxicological and pharmacological views of dose-response relationship, pharmacokinetics and toxicokinetics, molecular mechanisms of action and the therapeutic window. It covers the origins of therapeutic benefit and toxic harm when interacting with shared cellular and molecular targets, such as receptors, enzymes, and nucleic acids and highlights the key mechanisms of toxicity including oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis, and necrosis. The review also discusses the target specificity, controlled dosing and optimization of exposure used to differentiate therapeutic action and toxicity. The cases of classical and modern toxins such as digoxin, arsenic trioxide, botulinum toxin, chemotherapeutic agents, opioids, and so on, where the opposite to therapy is toxicity but, in these circumstances, its biological cause, can confirm that the latter is not the opposite of the former. The regulatory approval, safety margins, pharmacovigilance, medication errors, risk of overdose, and the increasing role of personalized medicine to decrease adverse outcomes are also discussed in the article. The developmental trends to consider in the future, including precision toxicology, use of artificial intelligence in predicting toxicity, designing safer drugs, and use of biomarker-based approaches in evaluating drug safety are discussed as new methods of enhancing the decision-making process in therapy. In general, the review finds that dose is the conclusive determinant of is-the-agent-healing medicine or is-the-agent-toxic medicine and that the balance between therapeutic good and toxic evil requires an understanding of the mechanisms that goes deep.

Abstract: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a prevalent chronic metabolic disorder in dogs, characterized by persistent hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. Diabetic dogs undergoing general anesthesia present unique perioperative challenges, as anesthesia itself can exacerbate insulin resistance and glycemic instability, thereby increasing the risk of life-threatening complications. This review summarizes the pathophysiology of diabetes in dogs, current antidiabetic treatment strategies, and the physiological alterations relevant to anesthetic management. Key perioperative considerations include preoperative stabilization of blood glucose, electrolytes, and hydration; appropriate insulin dosing protocols; and vigilant intraoperative monitoring of glycemia, hemodynamics, and electrolyte balance. Specific anesthetic agents and their interactions with glycemic control are discussed, with particular attention to the hyperglycemic effects of alpha-2 agonists and inhalant anesthetics. The review also provides a synthesis of recent epidemiological data on insulin-resistant canine diabetes from 2005 to 2025. Optimal perioperative glycemic control, guided by regular blood glucose monitoring and individualized anesthetic protocols, is essential for reducing morbidity and mortality in diabetic dogs undergoing surgery.

Abstract: Colitis as well as Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is facilitated by imbalanced Mucosal immune response that is manifested by excessive secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. A new direction in the treatment suggests recent evidence of epigenetic modifications as the key regulators of this inflammatory cascade as a new direction of treatment. This experiment sought to examine the prophylactic action and the epigenetic mechanism of Ferula assa-foetida essential oil (FAE) on a murine model of an epigenetic Dextran Sulfate Sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. Pre-treatment, Male C57BL/6 mice were pre-treated with FAE (50mg/kg) 14 days before DSS induction. Clinical parameters such as DAI and the colon length, were maintained significantly in FAE-treated group, as compared to the DSS control. A deep inhibition of the transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokine ( Il6, Il17a, and Tnfa ) was detected using molecular analysis. More importantly, specific epigenetic data collection through Methylation-Specific PCR and Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP-qPCR) revealed that hypomethylation of Il6 and Il17a promoters inhibited by prophylactic administration of FAE. Moreover, FAE retained H3K27me3 repressive histone mark and suppressed the active transcription mark H3K27ac of these loci. These results reveal good evidence that Ferula assa-foetida essential oil is a powerful epigenetic modulator, which inactivates transcription of inflammatory cytokines, and as a consequence provides a powerful prophylactic approach in the context of colitis-related mucosal injury .

Abstract: Spread of these concerns are related to the use of antibiotics in food-producing animals for therapeutic, prophylactic, and growth promotion purposes, leading to significant concerns about the presence of antibiotic residues in foods of animal origin. The presence of trace amounts of antibiotics in meat, milk, eggs, and other animal products is a significant issue in pharmacology and toxicology for human health. The toxicological effects of the antibiotic residues have been linked with prolonged consumption and include hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, immunotoxic effects, carcinogenicity, and developmental toxicity. Antibiotic residues are also a key driver in the emergence, and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), a current global health crisis impacting human, animal and environmental health. Non-compliant drug use by veterinarians, lack of proper withdrawal periods and monitoring systems all affect the persistence of drug residue. Liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry are becoming more often used advanced analytical techniques to detect and quantify veterinary drug residues in foods with a high level of accuracy. To limit residue contamination and maintain food safety, effective regulation, surveillance programs, antimicrobial stewardship and using alternative disease control strategies in livestock production are important. The knowledge about the pharmacological and toxicological effects of antibiotic residues is still basic for the prevention of public health risks and optimizing animal production systems.

Abstract: The water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) is regarded as one of the most valuable domesticated species in Asia in general and in Iraq in particular, where it plays a crucial role in the agricultural economy. However, their productivity is greatly influenced by various infectious diseases, of which tick-borne haemoprotozoal diseases are a major constraint to animal health and profitability. The aim of this study was to evaluate the epidemiological and clinical parameters and hematological alterations associated with these infections in buffalo at Kerbala, Iraq. A total of 400 buffaloes of different ages were clinically investigated, and blood samples were collected for microscopic and hematological analysis. The data revealed a total prevalence of piroplasmosis of 37%, with 20.5% and 16.5% of the buffaloes being infected with theileriosis and babesiosis, respectively. Females and buffaloes<1 year of age were more frequently affected, suggesting that sex and age have a significant impact on the infection rate. The clinical symptoms of the infected animals included fever, superficial lymphadenopathy, nasal and ocular discharges, salivation, anemia, respiratory distress, corneal opacity, and haemoglobinuria. (mention of the diagnostic method (microscopy)) The haematological results showed a significant decrease in haemoglobin, packed cell volume (PCV), and red blood cell counts. There were also significant increases in white blood cells, basophils, lymphocytes, and neutrophils. This shows that these parasites cause anemia and stimulate the immune responses of the infected buffalo. The results of this study emphasise the need to monitor the clinical and haematological status of the animals, as well as the need to control tick infestations and implement measures to prevent the spread of these diseases.

Abstract: Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative technology in field of veterinary medicine and comparative oncology, permitting rapid and accurate analysis of complex clinical, histopathological, imaging, and genomic datasets. The Traditional diagnostic and prognostic procedures, although effective, are often limited by time constraints, subjective interpretation, and difficulties in processing large-scale data. Recent advances in machine learning (ML), deep learning (DL), computational pathology, and radiomics have enhanced the ability to predict, diagnose, and manage animal diseases with improved precision. The purpose of this review is to summarize and assess current applications of AI in animal disease diagnosis and prognosis, with particular emphasis on veterinary oncology and One Health perspectives. This review focuses on animal health data and veterinary clinical applications while also discussing the wider implications for human and environmental health.The reviewed studies reveal that AI-based analytical models can successfully integrate histological, clinical, imaging, and genomic information for improving disease detection, prognostication, treatment planning, and outcome prediction in animals. The deep learning and radiomics methods showed promising diagnostic performance across several veterinary modalities, principally in cancer detection and pathological assessment. Besides, AI technologies contribute to reducing the diagnostic time, lowering healthcare costs, increasing the accuracy, and supporting precision veterinary medicine. However, important challenges remain, including data heterogeneity, limited dataset availability, algorithmic bias, lack of interpretability, controlling concerns, and insufficient real-world clinical validation. In conclusion, AI has significant potential to revolutionize veterinary diagnostics and disease management by enabling more accurate and personalized approaches to animal healthcare. Collaboration among veterinarians, veterinary researchers, and commercial AI developers will be essential to achieve reliable clinical integration and maximize the benefits of AI technologies. Through the One Health framework, advancements in veterinary AI may also contribute to improving human health and environmental sustainability.

Abstract: This study examines comparative histological and histochemical Study of the Sebaceous Glands and sweat glands  between the Gray Mongoose (Herpestes edwardsii) and the domestic cat (Felis catus), the researcher design was based on an experimental Twelve samples were obtained from skin that gathered in the Middle Euphrates region for the current investigation, including 6 gray mongooses( Herpestes edwardsii) and 6 domestic cats ( Felis catus) . Samples of skin were obtained from similar body regions in both groups to ensure uniformity in comparison analysis. Histological and Histochemical Staining Paraffin sections obtained from all examined skin regions (dorsal and foot pad) were subjected to routine histological and histochemical staining techniques.Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E).Staining was performed to evaluate the general histological structure of the of the sebaceous and sweat Gland . The comparison included an analysis of the histological and chemical characteristics of the glands in terms of shape, distribution, density, and secretory activity between the two studied types. The gray mongoose had numerous, massive, well-formed glands for sebaceous that were positioned in the superficial layer of the skin and closely linked to hair follicles. On the basis of his they showed a standard alveolar (acinar) configuration made up of sebaceous clusters of cells with the vacuolated cytoplasm because of the amount of lipid and  peripherally positioned nuclei.Sebocytes matured in a holocrine pattern, migrating through the lobule's center, accumulating lipid substance, and finally disintegrating to discharge sebum into the follicular canal as usual. Lipid obtaining throughout conventional tissue processing was reflected in the lobules' obvious nuclear morphology and light staining Sebaceous glands were identified in domestic cats, but they were a little widely dispersed, suggesting that comprehensive lipid-derived skin protection was not as necessary. The microscopic study of the gray mongoose's cutaneous layer reveals the existence of highly developed apocrine sweat glands, which are located in the dermis, typically in close vicinity to hair follicles. The glands were embedded in the dermal connecting tissue and resemble (coiled tubular forms). In cats, the eccrine sweat glands typically reside in the foot paw pads whereas they have an increasingly restricted distribution in the body.These glands were smaller in size than apocrine glands and composed of coiled tubular secretory portions inserted within the dermis. "Simple cuboidal epithelial cells" line the secretory region, and two separate layers of cuboidal cells line the ducts. compared to apocrine glands, the ducts of eccrine glands open up direct toward the surface of the epidermis. In overall, the lumina were smaller.  

Abstract: The study was investigation to characterize and compare the histological architecture and histochemical characteristics of the abomasum between Hamadini and Awassi sheep. Ten samples of abomasum from each animal, and five specimens (0.8 cm) from each of the portion of abomasum.  According to the study, all animals had three regions in the abomasum: the cardiac, fundic, and pyloric. The glands in the lamina properia of each region were different from one another; the fundus region were covered by correct gastric glands, which had no folds in the mucosa as well as deep gastric pits alongside long glands, while the cardiac glands were mucus-secreting, shallow pits, and short glands with pale, smooth mucosa. Because of the well-developed gastric rugae, which are lined with pyloric glands that secrete mucus and have deeper pits but shorter glands than the fundic region, the mucosa is reddish, and thick. The mucosa looks to be extensively folded, and the pyloric canal is lined with many rugae. Internal, the pyloric sphincter produces a clear circular ring. Awassi sheep often eat higher-energy diets, have thicker abomasal layers, and have higher metabolism and digestive demands. They also need quicker digestion and absorption for milk production and growth. Hamdani sheep have an effective digestive system and are suited to eating poor-quality feed. Rich foods promote increased production of enzymes and acids, as well as increased activity of the gastric glands. The final layer, the tunica serosa, is made of connective tissue that is loose and has blood vessels, while the tunica muscularis appears as circular as well as longitudinal layers. muscle layer thickening to improve stomach emptying, mixing, and motility. According to histochemical data, the stomach cells' composition varied across the abomasal sections and between animals, with Awassi exhibiting a higher mucous secretion. With PAS and AB, the mucous cell mucin staining intensity is faint in the heart, moderate, and robust in the fundic and pyloric. In conclusion, The abomasal regions' varying interior and exterior surfaces correspond to their different digestive functions. The continuous effort to determine the degree of connection across sheep species is aided by this study, which revealed both similarities and variations in the histological architecture of the abomasum.

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to shed light on the histomorphometry structure of cecum of the goat ( Capra hircus) . Ten samples from the cecum of an adult male goat were used in this investigation. All samples were taken from research animals that were being killed in a local abattoir in the region of Al-Muthanna between November and December 2025. Five specimens obtained from each part of the cecum (apex, body, and base) for each histological and histochemical investigation. The four tunicae mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa or adventitia that make up the cecum wall were shown to have identical structures throughout the study. The structures were visible in the tunica mucosa; the muscularis mucosa, the lamina propria with Lieberkühn crypts, and the epithelium. The tunica's apex was thicker than its other sections, and its lining was made up of simple epithelium that more Lieberkühn crypt and goblet cell were found in the apex of the cecum epithelium than in other areas, and there were more well-developed, simple, tubular, unbranched glands there than elsewhere. Intestinal glands are located close to the lamina muscularis. In the tunica mucosa of the entire cecum, goblet cells were globular-shaped. In Lieberkühn crypts and epithelium, these goblet cells demonstrated a high positive response to periodic acid Schiff and periodic acid Schiff plus Alcian blue stains. The submucosa is made up of many blood arteries, collections of lymphatic nodules, dense irregular connective tissue, adipose tissue, and the absence of glands. In the base of the cecum, the tunica was thicker than in other places. The innermost circular and outside longitudinal smooth muscle fibers that made up the tunica muscularis were thicker at the apex than in other areas. The cecum's modified thickenings and smooth muscle layer of the muscularis externia were arranged at random. The loose connective tissue known as tunica serosa had a mean thickness in the apex that was greater than in other areas. In conclusion, the histological and histochemical features of the goat's cecum show how well it evolved to herbivorous food and how crucial it is for hindgut fermentation, immune system function, and efficient nutrient use.

Abstract: The current study was designed to investigate some biological effects of the pesticide Permethrin in male white rats. As a result of the present study revealed a significant increase in the concentrations of liver enzymes (AST, ALT, and ALP), malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) at a probability level of (P < 0.05) in the treated group (T1) which was administered Permethrin at a concentration of 75mg/kg for 45 day. Additionally, the findings revealed a significant decrease in the concentrations of antioxidants (SOD and CAT) in the treated group Tat the aforementioned probability level.    On the other hand, the results demonstrated a significant decrease in the concentrations of liver enzymes (AST, ALT, and ALP), MDA, TNF-α and IL-6 in the groups T2, T3, and T4 (treated with Permethrin + Selenium, Permethrin + 6-Shogaol, and Permethrin + Selenium + 6-Shogaol simultaneously, respectively) compared to the treated group T1. A significant increase in the concentrations of SOD and CAT was observed compared to T1 at the specified probability level . As for the histological study of the liver of male rats in the treated group T1, it revealed severe adipose steatosis with infiltration of inflammatory cells, particularly macrophages, and dilation of hepatic sinusoids. Conversely, the results of groups T2, T3, and T4 showed a clear improvement in hepatocytes, which appeared radially arranged around the central vein with mild adipose degeneration  

Abstract: Probiotics, which are live microorganisms as defined by Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO) that confer a health benefit to the host organism when delivered in adequate amounts during an oral route of delivery, have attracted considerable interest for their potential role in altering gastrointestinal physiology. Probiotics have been used as experimental tools in laboratory animals to gain insights into mechanisms of gut homeostasis, immune regulation, and host–microbiota interactions. This review analyses the literature to date concerning the role of probiotic supplementation on gastrointestinal function in experimental animal models, such as rodents and other laboratory species. Major physiological effects include improvement of mode profile intestinal barrier integrity, modulation of gut motility, regulation of mucosal immunity responses, change in gut microbiota composition, and suppression of inflammatory pathways. Probiotic strains like Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and Saccharomyces species exerted strain-specific effects on epithelial tight junction expression, short-chain fatty acid production and cytokine balance. Moreover, administration of probiotics has demonstrated therapeutic significance in experimental models of inflammatory bowel disease, antibiotic-associated dysbiosis, metabolic disorders and stress-related intestinal dysfunction. While promising, heterogeneity of strain selection, dosing and experimental design underlines the need for standardized protocols and mechanistic explorations. Knowing how probiotics interact with their host in the laboratory can inform translational applications for use in veterinary and human medicine. Future studies need to elucidate the molecular pathways involved and long-term safety, as well as optimal precision probiotic strategies for gastrointestinal health.

Abstract: The CD4⁺ T cells are central orchestrators of adaptive immunity, playing critical roles in coordinating immune responses against pathogens, maintaining tolerance, and regulating inflammation. Naïve CD4⁺ T cells, which haven't yet come into contact with their particular antigen, undergo differentiation into distinct effector subsets upon recognition of their cognate antigen presented by “MHC class II molecules”. This differentiation process is strongly influenced by the surrounding cytokine milieu, co-stimulatory signals, and additional environmental cues. In vivo, the cytokine environment is highly complex and dynamic, often comprising overlapping, redundant, or even opposing signals. Nevertheless, well-defined T helper (Th) lineages can be generated in vitro through controlled cytokine-mediated polarization of naïve CD4⁺ T cells, providing a powerful platform to investigate the molecular mechanisms that regulate T-cell fate decisions. Classic T helper subsets include “Th1, Th2, Th17, T follicular helper (Tfh), and regulatory T cells (Treg)” each defined by distinct transcription factor networks, cytokine profiles, and effector functions. “T helper-1 cells” are primarily involved in cell-mediated immunity against intracellular pathogens, Th-2 cells support humoral responses and defense against helminths, Th17 cells orchestrate mucosal immunity and inflammation, T-fh cells “promote B-cell maturation and antibody production” and Treg cells maintain immune tolerance and prevent autoimmunity. Recent advances in single-cell genomics, epigenomics, and proteomics have revealed that CD4⁺ T-cell differentiation is highly plastic, with the potential for hybrid or intermediate phenotypes, reflecting the dynamic adaptability of these cells to changing environmental and immunological contexts. Animal models have been instrumental in elucidating the diversity, differentiation, and functional plasticity of “CD4⁺ T cells” providing insights that are relevant to human immunity and the development of immunotherapies.  

Abstract: The Study was designed to know the effect of black cardamom (Amomum subulatum) on the health and productivity of poultry, which may have positive effects on poultry. 180 unsexed broiler (Rose 308) were divided into three groups: the first group was T0 (control group), the second group T1 had 0.2% Indian black cardamom added to their ratio, and the third group T2 had 0.4% Indian black cardamom added to their ratio.The experiment was conducted at a private poultry farm in the Al-Kamaliyah area 15/11/2025  The study showed a significant increase among the groups (P = 0.012) regarding body weight. Group T1 showed the highest body weight, followed closely by T2 compared with T0. No significant difference was observed between T1 and T2. The weights were as followsT 2 (2076.33),T 1 ( 2062.53)than T 0 (1939.27).The statistical results for the rate of weight gain also showed a significant increase among the groups (P = 0.007). Groups T1 and T2 demonstrated high significant in weight gain compared to T0, while the difference between T1 and T2 was not statistically significant.T0(531.47),T1(652.53)and T2(66.33).The rate of feed consumption, the results showed that feed consumption reached its highest levels across all groups, with T1 recording the greatest consumption, followed by T2, whereas T0 remained comparatively lower, In the fifth week, a highly significant difference was detected (P = 0.000). T1 (910±19.354) and T2 (898±10.499) demonstrated higher feed consumption compared with T0 (800±14.15).On other hand feed conversion efficiency showed that group T2(1.39) performed best compared to groups T1(1.50) and T0(1.59). The study concluded the Indian black cardamom plant has the ability to positively influence the productive traits of broiler chickens ,thus enhancing the positive impact on the poultry industry. The results also showed significant differences in the growth of harmful bacteria when culturing E. coli T0(77.20),T1(36.60) and T2(41.40).While Lactobacillus in T0 (28.00),T2( 52.00) and T2(124.00).