Abstract: This review talks about the importance of bacteriophages in animal health, highlighting their role as natural predators for bacteria. Bacteriophages, or phage, are viruses that particularly infected the bacterial cells, and provide a promising alternative way instead using traditional antibiotics for treatment bacterial infections, especially now, during the growing antibiotic resistance crisis. The review discuss molecular biology in the stages of bacteriophages, including their life cycle and transition mechanisms, which include both lytic and lysogenic pathways. Medical applications of phase therapy are investigated in the treatment infections of bacteria in livestock and pets, which emphasizes the ability of toned treatments against multi-resistant pathogens. In addition, Bacteriophage use in food security is addressed, their role in controlling food-borne pathogens without compromising favorable microbes. Overall, this review emphasizes the versatile applications of bacteriophages to increase animal health and food safety, and advocate further research and development in this promising region.

Abstract: Bisphenol A (BPA) and micro plastics (MPs) have been detected across various species, including humans, mammals, fish, birds, and invertebrates, indicating the potential for extensive exposure and bioaccumulation. Moreover, their prevalence has been increasing, contributing to an elevated risk of various pathological conditions. This research was undertaken to investigate the accumulation of BPA in edible tissues of goat such as (kidney, liver, meat and adipose tissues). Methodology: Hundred samples collected from 25 female’s goat for edible tissues (meat, liver, kidney, and adipose tissue) aged between 6 and 8 months (25 samples from each tissue). The Karbala slaughterhouse for red meat in the Governorate was where tissue samples were taken between November 2024 and January 2025. Results: The results showed that, when judged against standard criteria, the average amounts of BPA buildup in these tissues ranged from moderate to high. The findings showed that while the kidney and meat each had medium concentrations (0.1-1 µg/g), the liver and fat had high BPA levels (over 1 µg/g). Bisphenol A (BPA) was most concentrated in the liver, in adipose tissues, then in meat, and last in the kidney. The application of the ANOVA analysis in current study facilitated the assessment of statistically significant differences among the four sample groups. The analysis revealed that liver and adipose tissues exhibited significant variation compared to kidney and muscle tissues, based on the obtained statistical parameters. In conclusion, the results underscore the toxicological risks associated with BPA. When exposure levels exceed the established daily tolerable intake which about 0.05 mg per kg /body weight, BPA can bioaccumulate in biological tissues, potentially leading to a range of adverse health effects.

Abstract: Shilajit is a widely used natural herbo-mineral in traditional medicine all over the world. Dibenzo-alpha-pyrones, fulvic acids and dibenzo-alpha-pyrone-chromoproteins are the active ingredients in Shilajit, which is composed of humus and organic plant matter. It possesses adaptogenic, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antidyslipidemic qualities. It has parasympathomimetic and cholinergic effects. The Faculty of Veterinary Medicine was the site of the experiment, University of kerbala from the period 20/12/2024 to 30/1/2025. Where they used special cages for rabbits used in the experiment. We used 20 rabbits local breeds divided into two groups. The aims of this research are to know the effect of Shilajit on red blood cells count,white blood cells count ,platelets count, hemoglobin concentration and packed cell volume percentage .    The findings demonstrate that shilajit significantly increase the white blood cell,platelet count, packed cell volume, and hemoglobin concentration in treated group as comparative to control group while there is no significant differences in red blood cells  in treated group as comparative to control group .

Abstract: This study aimed to detect the presence of Salmonella spp. in chicken carcasses from a meat processing company in Karbala city, as well as in street foods, using both PCR and conventional methods, 100 samples were collected from five areas in Karbala city which include  city center, Al-Hindiya, Al-Hussainiya, Al-Hur, and Ain Al-Tamr. 24 samples were taken from each region, the study begning from september 2024 to March 2025.  The samples included three types of chicken: locally slaughtered, imported, and randomly slaughtered. Eight samples were taken from each type. The samples included the thigh and breast parts of the chicken. PCR and conventional culturing methods were used to confirm the isolates and determine the specificity and sensitivity of two assay;Statistical analysis revealed statistically significant differences between the isolation rates in the different areas and chicken species studied, and Using the conventional method, Salmonella spp. were detected in 21 out of 125 samples. The bacteria were isolated from chicken thigh and breast samples collected from five different areas within Karbala city, using selective culture media. Isolation rates varied across the different locations and types of chicken meat. The highest rates were observed in the Hindiya and Husseiniya areas, each with an isolation rate of 25%, while the lowest rate was found in the Ain al-Tamr area, where it did not exceed 4.1%, while the highest positivity rate was recorded in Al-Hussainiyah district, at 20.83% .In conclusion: The results highlight the potential of the PCR molecular technique as a valuable alternative for detecting Salmonella spp. in chicken, thanks to its high specificity and rapid processing—making it especially useful for ensuring the distribution of safe products to consumers .

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine how P. aeruginosa grew in beef and macerated  meats at varying incubation temperatures and sodium chloride concentrations. Meat samples treated with 2%, 5%, 7%, and 10% sodium chloride were artificially contaminated using an inoculum containing 2.03 x 10⁸ CFU/mL. Following 3 and 7 days of incubation at 7°C, 21°C, 37°C, and 45°C, growth was measured. Meat and Macerated  meats only showed significant bacterial growth when exposed to 2% sodium chloride; in the Macerated  samples, 5% sodium chloride showed very little bacterial growth. At salt concentrations of 7%, 10%, or more, no growth was seen, suggesting that high sodium chloride concentrations effectively inhibit P. aeruginosa .. With maximum growth at 37°C and restricted growth at 7°C and 21°C during early incubation, followed by total suppression after 7 days, temperature was found to have a substantial impact on bacterial survival. At 45°C, no bacterial growth was found. Higher bacterial counts were consistently found in Macerated  meats, most likely as a result of increased surface area and nutrient exposure. These findings demonstrate that P. aeruginosa is sensitive to temperature and salt content, with higher tolerance seen in low-salt and moderate-temperature environments. The results highlight how crucial it is to regulate salt and temperature in order to lower the possibility of P. aeruginosa contaminating meat products

Abstract: This study  aimed to investigate the protective effects of  ethanolic extract of Urtica dioica on the ovarian physiological state in chemically induced menopausal rats.   Menopause was induced in female rats using 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide (VCD)  at dose160 mg/kg/d     via IP for 20 days, after which they were divided into four groups, each group contains 10 rats: a control group, a group treated with Urtica dioica leaves ethanolic extract, a group treated with VCD, and a group receiving both VCD and Urtica dioica extract.   The Urtica dioica extract was administered at a dosage of 100 mg/kg body weight via gastric gavage for 20 consecutive days throughout a total study period of 52 days. Blood samples were collected at three separate time points to assess reproductive hormone levels, while histological studies of the ovary and hypothalamus were performed at the conclusion of the study.  The results showed that the a significant increase ( P≤0.05) in serum concentrations of LH, FSH hormone, as well as a Significant  decline   (p≤ 0.05) in serum concentrations of Testosterone and Estradiol in the VCD group, but when administered animals Urtica Dioica ethanolic extract demonstrated an improvement in the parameters. Histopathological analysis of both the ovary and hypothalamus revealed extensive  damage in the VCD group, Whereas when given  Urtica Dioica ethanolic extract in fourth group were effective in arresting histopathological alterations . In contrast, The observations suggest that Urtica dioica may possess protective  potential in mitigating ovarian malfunction and neuroendocrine abnormalities associated with menopause.

Abstract:       The current study clarifies some of the laws and legal foundations for dealing with, raising methods, and approved procedures for raising and caring for animals to protect them.     Bestialty is occurs between a human and an animal, whether alive or dead, which leads to serious harm or serious wounds accompanying the act of intercourse. It is considered violence or cruelty to the soul, which is valued by the Generous Creator, It may happen by bringing an animal and using its male for a human female, indicating sadism in dealing or sexual perversion, without the animal’s will.     But the question is," how is animal intercourse recognized? " Sexual assault is an act devoid of the sound human nature and contrary to everything that is logical and Common sense. A human has had intercourse with an animal means that he has been stripped of both moral and human values. The nature and instinct of man, which loves goodness, tolerance, and working to develop the country and its people, does not accept that he should reach that stage of inhumanity and the highest values in a sound Islamic society.

Abstract: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a multifaceted endocrine disorder characterized by a wide range of clinical symptoms. While its precise etiology remains uncertain, evidence points to an interplay of genetic susceptibility, environmental factors, and lifestyle influences in its development. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic potential of Vitex agnus-castus (VAC) ethanol extract in alleviating Letrozole-induced PCOS, with particular attention to biochemical and physiological recovery. Methodology: The research was conducted at the College of Veterinary Medicine/University of Kerbala, from October 2024 to February 2025. The animals were divided into three groups. Each group consists of 8 female rats negative control group (GroupI), positive control group (Group II) and VAC ethanol treatment group (Group III). To assess its effects, study analyzed key reproductive hormones like, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and testosterone; alongside inflammatory markers Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Interleukin-8 (IL-18) across experimental groups. Results: The study found that, there were significant differences (p = 0.0001) in follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and testosterone levels between the negative control (GI) and the positive control (GII) groups, as well as between (GII) and the treatment group (GIII), which administered VAC extract. As Similar, according to the levels of both IL-6 and IL-18.  The comparisons between the negative (GI) and positive (GII) control groups, as well as between (GII) and the treatment group (GIII), revealed statistically significant variations (p = 0.0001). Conclusion: These findings suggested that, VAC ethanol extract exhibited promising therapeutic effects in managing PCOS, likely throughout modulation of reproductive hormones and inflammatory responses. The results align with existing literature that supporting the plant’s role in hormonal balance and anti-inflammation activity. This study added to the growing evidence for the potential integration of herbal medicine, such as VAC into PCOS strategies of treatment.

Abstract: Multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)-containing nanocomposite hydrogels have become extremely adaptable platforms with promising results in a range of environmental and medicinal applications. The use of MWCNTs improves adsorption capacity, electrical conductivity, mechanical robustness, and thermal stability—elements crucial for wastewater cleanup and drug delivery systems. Because of their improved mechanical stability, simplicity of production, and higher cost-effectiveness, MWCNTs are frequently chosen over single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). In addition to allowing for controlled medication release in response to physiological cues, such hybrid materials have demonstrated efficacious performance in the adsorption of organic dyes and heavy metals from contaminated water. Future clinical and environmental uses are made possible by functionalization, which also increases biocompatibility and therapeutic efficacy. However, challenges such as dispersion uniformity, long-term toxicity, and scale-up production persist. Addressing these limitations through interdisciplinary research and green engineering strategies will be vital to realizing the full potential of hydrogel-MWCNT nanocomposites. Continued interdisciplinary research, supported by advances in green synthesis and computational design, is critical to overcome these limitations and unlock the full potential of hydrogel-MWCNT composites in addressing pressing medical and environmental challenges.

Abstract: Bone homeostasis and skeletal growth are mostly influenced by estrogen. Osteoclastic bone resorption in women is often accelerated by estrogen insufficiency following menopause. Examining the relationship between estrogen and the RANK/RANKL/OPG pathway as well as other biomarkers and their correlation with bone loss was the goal of the current investigation. Twenty female rabbits with ovariectomies were split into two groups at random: the ovariectomized group (OVX group) and the control group. Six weeks following ovariectomy, blood samples were obtained for biochemical analysis in order to determine the blood's calcium percentage and to evaluate the serum hormones estrogen, progesterone, LH, and FSH (OPG, RANKL, and RANk). Additionally, femur samples were obtained for histological sectioning analysis. According to the data, rabbits that had ovariectomy had significantly higher levels of RANk and RANkL, however OPG analysis showed that these rabbits' levels were significantly lower than those of the control group. According to the findings, rabbits with osteoporosis had lower serum levels of progesterone and estrogen than the control group. In contrast, the osteoporosis-affected rabbits' serum levels of FSH and LH were significantly higher than those of the control group.However, the calcium levels were higher than in the control group, according to the data. The rabbits' femur underwent histological examination, which showed osteoporosis, a high concentration of osteoclasts, and bone tissue reabsorption with thinner bone laminae. The results of the light microscope analysis of the bones showed that there were variations between the control and ovariectomized groups.

Abstract: N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) and serratiopeptidase are two compounds with distinct yet complementary mechanisms that play a crucial  role in protecting testicular function and maintaining reproductive health. This combination holds significant promise in safeguarding testicular tissue from external insults, such as those induced by chemotherapeutic agents like methotrexate. A  total of 35 adult male  albino rats ( Rattus ), weighing an average of 200 ± 20 grams and aged between 8 to 10 weeks, were  used in this study. The animals were divided into five groups, with each group consisting of 7 rats. Methotrexate was administered at a dose of 100 µg/kg per day via intraperitoneal (IP) injection for two weeks. N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) was given orally at a dose of 600 mg/kg/day for the same duration, while serratiopeptidase(SER) was administered orally at a dose of 5 mg/kg/day for two weeks as well. 5 ml of serum was collected to conduct clinical tests for hormones and oxidative stress after 2 weeks . The results showed a  significant decrease in testosterone levels in the methotrexate (MTX) group compared to the control group, reflecting the negative impact of MTX on Leydig cells responsible for hormone production. However, an improvement in testosterone levels was observed in the groups treated with NAC and NAC + SER, indicating the role of these treatments in mitigating damage. For LH and FSH hormones, LH levels decreased in the MTX group compared to the control, while they improved in the NAC and NAC + SER-treated groups. As for FSH, a slight increase was observed in the MTX group, whereas its levels decreased in the treated groups, suggesting improved testicular function. Regarding oxidative stress markers, GSH levels decreased and MDA levels increased in the MTX group compared to the control, while these levels improved in the NAC and NAC + SER-treated groups, demonstrating the role of these treatments in reducing oxidative stress and enhancing testicular health

Abstract: The juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) is a specialized renal structure essential for the regulation of systemic blood pressure and glomerular filtration rate through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). It consists primarily of three cellular components: juxtaglomerular (granular) cells, macula densa, and extraglomerular mesangial (lacis) cells. with the aim of understanding the influence of environmental and physiological conditions on renal regulatory architecture. A total of 12 adult rats were used 6 wild rats captured from natural environments and 6 laboratory rats maintained under controlled conditions. Following euthanasia, kidneys were excised, fixed in 10% formalin. Tissue sections were stained using (H&E) for general morphology and Masson’s trichrome for highlighting connective tissue components. Microscopic examination was conducted using light microscopy, focusing on the cortex, where JGA structures are typically located at vascular pole adjacent to glomeruli. Results showed that wild rats exhibited a significantly higher density of JGA structures compared to laboratory rats. In addition, the wild group displayed a more cellular and structurally complex macula densa region, with an increased number of juxtaglomerular cells suggesting elevated secretory activity. These differences are likely attributed to environmental and physiological adaptations. Wild rats are exposed to variable hydration, physical activity, stress, and dietary conditions that may stimulate more frequent activation of the RAAS, thereby reinforcing the development and activity of the JGA. Conversely, laboratory rats live in a controlled environment with consistent food and water availability, minimal stress, and regulated temperature, potentially reducing the physiological demand on renal regulatory systems and leading to less pronounced JGA features. Histological findings were further supported by the architectural differences observed in Masson’s trichrome-stained sections, which showed more developed periglomerular connective tissue around the JGA in wild rats. These structural variations may reflect long-term adaptation to environmental stimuli.

Abstract: Birds, like other animals, are exposed to parasites, which can cause symptoms that sometimes lead to their death. Twenty-five 10-day-old local chicks (Gallus dominos) were collected from local markets in Hillah for laboratory experiments on external parasites. Five adult birds of the same species, infected with external parasites, were collected for experimental infestation of the chicks with mites.    Filter papers were placed in small Petri dishes, then the filter paper was sprayed with essential oil extract lavender (Lavandula spp.)  and lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus)  at concentrations of (5000, 2500, 1250, 625 μL) for each plant separately, at a rate of 3 ml per dish. After that, ten live parasites were placed in each dish. The dishes were covered to saturate the medium with steam to determine the effect of the essential oil on the parasites. The parasites were monitored every five minutes until all parasites were killed, and the times and the difference between them were recorded during the treatment of the parasites. After that, the experiment was repeated using the essential oil with the Petri dish covers removed.the effect of the essential oil extract of Cymbopogon citratus and lavender plant in uncovered Petri dishes. Concentrations of 625 μL and 1250 μL killed the mites after an 90 minute by 100%, and at concentrations of 2500 killed after an 75 minute by 100%. Concentrations of 5000 μL killed after only 60 minute.  As for the essential oil extract of lavender plant in uncovered Petri dishes, the mortality rate was determined at a concentration of 625 μL after an 90 minute from the start of the experiment. Concentrations of 1250 μL and 2500 μL resulted in a 100% mortality rate after only an 90 minute from the start of the experiment in the laboratory. Concentrations of 5000 μL resulted in a 100% mortality rate after an 75 minute from the start of the experiment. We conclude from this experiment that the essential oil of lemongrass without a cover in Petri dishes at a concentration of 5000 μL was the best result among the other concentrations.When treating the mites with the essential oil extract of Cymbopogon citratus and the conditions of the experiment were to place the cover of the Petri dishes, we noticed that the concentration of 625 μL needed an 60 minute to kill all the parasites by a percentage of mortality 100%after the beginning of the experiment, and at a time of 45 minutes, the mortality rate was observed to be 100% at a concentration of 1250 μL and 2500 μL, and when using the essential oil extract of lemongrass at a concentration of 5000 μL, the mortality rate was 100% at a time of 30 minutes from the beginning of the experiment , Regarding the second experiment, which involved using a lavender essential oil extract with a cover on the Petri dishes, when treated with a lavender oil extract at a concentration of 625 μL, 100% mortality occurred after an 75 minute after the start of the experiment. When treated with a concentration of 1250 μL and 2500 μL lavender oil extracts, mortality occurred after an 60 minute after the start of the experiment. The highest concentration 5000 μL of lavender oil extracts resulted in 100% mortality after 45 minutes. we conclude that Cymbopogon citratus was the best extract plants, killing in the shortest time at a concentration of 5000, better than lavender, compared to the control group, where natural mortality occurred after 60 minutes.    We concluded from our experience that the essential oil extract of lemongrass and lavender worked to kill the red mite, and the higher the concentration of the extract, the less time it took to kill the red mite.

Abstract: This review article examines general anesthesia in laboratory animals. Administering anesthesia in any species necessitates careful planning, execution, and resources to guarantee a humane and successful result. Anesthesia is crucial elements in lab animal, and they must be included as fundamental parts of all lab animal programs. It stops avoidable suffering caused by different experimental methods (1). Unmanaged or neglected pain, leading to the release of uncontrolled substances. Ultimately, it may result in a range of undesirable alterations in its body. In the end, this will impact the results of the experiment. Due to these factors, the responsible application of anaesthesia and analgesia is a scientific and ethical necessity (2). Anesthesia refers to a condition of unconsciousness, and its elements include analgesia (relief from pain), amnesia (memory loss), and immobilization. The medication employed for anaesthesia typically produces different effects in each of these regions. Certain medications might be utilized on their own to obtain all three outcomes. Some possess solely analgesic or sedative effects (3).

Abstract:   The foundation of conventional medicine is rooted in traditions and customs which precede the creation of scientific drugs and so-called contemporary medicine. Current pharmacological research, nevertheless, has demonstrated which medicinal plants have a variety of pharmacological benefits, including the capacity to handle skin cells as well as Yeast alongside antifungal characteristics if utilized alone as well as in combination with additional antifungal substances. Additionally, certain clinical investigations have demonstrated the potential of beneficial organisms for being employed as a complement of conventional substances when treating fungal diseases caused by drug-resistant fungal species . Medicinal plants have antifungal properties through a variety of methods. This included disruption of the membrane, which resulted in a breakdown of its functionality, inhibition of genetic the transcription process, population of cells reduction, inhibition of fungal antioxidant enzyme function, including inhibition about the development about fungus biofilms.

Abstract: Vinylcyclohexene Diepoxide (VCD)  kills  small pre-antral follicles, especially primordial and primary follicles, The bioactivation of VCD in the ovary results in accelerated atresia of these early-stage follicles.   This focused follicular destruction disrupts the ovarian reserve, which leads to ovarian failure. The aim of the study includes effect of VCD on the level of estrogen, And evaluating of  alterations in ECG parameters associated with estrogen depletion . rats randomly divided into two groups,the first set as control group ,in the second group the rats where received vinylcyclohexene (VCD) 80 mg/kg BW/daily for 2 weeks as a VCD group. In the current study there was a significant (p≤0.05) decrease in the level of estrogen in the serum (17.40±0.17) in the VCD group compared to the control group (10.22±0.41) . the results of this study showed a significant decreased (p ≤ 0.05) in waves of aterial depolarization (P) (1.49 ± 0.09), ventricular depolarization (QRS)(6.22  ± 0.38),ventricular repolarization (T)( 1.474  ± 0.18 ) time in the VCD group as compare with control group (p)( 4.65 ± 0.35 ) ,QRS (16.56  ± 1.2),T (2.544b  ± 0.1)  increase in voltage of waves  0.052  ± 0.002 MV (P) 0.04  ± 0.004 (QRS) in the VCD group compare to control group 0.02  ± 0.001 (p), 0.024  ± 0.002 (QRS) while there was no significant difference in T wave between control (0.06  ±0.001) and VCD group (0.07  ± 0.004 ) . there is a decrease in the level of estrogen in the  VCD group that was injected with the VCD, and this depletion causes an increase in the heart voltage.

Abstract: Giardia is organism that commonly causes Diarrhea in dogs, cats, and domestic  animals. This condition is known as giardiasis. The finding of  current  research, the morphological and molecular diagnosis of Giardia duodenalis is being determined, along with the age, gender, and months  influence on the occurrence  of Giardia disease prevalence in dogs.  The current study used traditional methods to identify and detect Giardia in household dogs in the Karbala district of Iraq.  Molecular diagnostics confirmed this using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method and primer beta giardin gene (511 bp). In 2024, this study has been done  from beginning of  Jan. to Jun.  One hundred and fifty fecal samples from dogs of both genders, both adults and puppies, were gathered.  the results revealed trophoziote and cyst of Giardia were examined under a microscope.

Abstract: Orthopedic surgery in companion animals has experienced remarkable advancements, closely mirroring innovations in human medicine. With the increasing prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders such as cranial cruciate ligament rupture, hip dysplasia, and complex fractures in pets, veterinary orthopedic interventions are evolving to meet clinical demands. This review explores current trends shaping the field, including minimally invasive surgical techniques, the widespread adoption of Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy (TPLO), and the integration of advanced technologies such as 3D printing for custom implants. The role of regenerative medicine—utilizing platelet-rich plasma, stem cells, and other biologics—is also examined for its potential in enhancing healing and managing degenerative joint diseases. Additionally, we highlight the importance of postoperative rehabilitation strategies, including hydrotherapy and structured physical therapy, in improving recovery outcomes. These developments collectively represent a shift toward more precise, patient-specific, and holistic orthopedic care in veterinary practice, ultimately contributing to improved mobility and quality of life for companion animals.

Abstract: Researchers from a wide range of disciplines have lately been interested in nanoparticles because of their many uses and unique physical, chemical, and biological characteristics. Furthermore, because of their distinct optical, electrical, mechanical, magnetic, and chemical characteristics  all of which are a result of their tiny size and huge surface area nanoparticle research has advanced more quickly than that of bulk materials. Gold nanoparticles are one type of metallic nanoparticle  that  finds  utility  in  cutting-edge  technologies  such  as  organic  photovoltaics, therapeutic agents, sensory probes, drug delivery in biological and medical applications, electrical conductors, and catalysis. Scientists have long been aware of gold nanoparticles' antibacterial qualities, but the exact mechanism behind this action has remained unknown. By examining this mechanism further, researchers have now demonstrated why gold nanoparticles kill bacteria. Although the method by which certain nanoparticles kill bacteria has long been understood by scientists, it has remained a mystery. However, the use of nanoparticles as an antibacterial agent in  commercial,  industrial,  and  medical  applications  has  not  been  hindered  by  the  lack  of understanding of this process. But a deeper comprehension of this antimicrobial substance can increase its potency and open up a variety of uses. Therefore, achieving a breakthrough in the knowledge of how nanoparticles are effective in combating bacteria in the face of the antibiotic crisis is very crucial. Therefore, in this research, the main goal is to review the immunopathological and antioxidant effects of gold nanoparticles against bacterial infection.   

Abstract: Feed costs constitute a major portion of poultry production expenses, prompting interest in feed additives that enhance nutrient utilization. Proteases, as exogenous enzymes, have shown potential to improve protein digestibility and support the immature digestive systems of chick's birds. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of protease enzyme supplementation in broiler chicken diets, particularly in the context of Escherichia coli (E. coli) K88 challenge. This study investigated the effects of supplemental exogenous protease enzyme on growth performance and gut microbiota of broiler chickens under a reduced protein-energy diet. A total of 200 broiler chicks one day age was allocated into four groups (T1–T4), each with 50 birds, and reared for 35 days. The experimental groups were fed different diets, T1 control group, T2 reduce protein – energy diets, T3 control with add 250g/ton of protease enzyme and T4 add 250 g/ton of protease enzyme supplementation to reduce protein – energy diets. Growth parameters including body weight (BW), weight gain (WG), feed intake (FI), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were monitored, along with microbial analysis of drop E. coli and Lactobacillus counts. The results indicated that protease supplementation of (T3 and T4) significantly improved final body weight (2169.02 g and 2186.81 g, respectively) and feed conversion ratio (1.45 and 1.46) compared to control (T1: 1895.7 g, FCR: 1.69). Feed intake was moderately increased in supplemented groups, reflecting improved nutrient utilization. Microbiological analysis showed a significant reduction in E. coli count and a highly significant increase in Lactobacillus populations in T4 compared to other groups (p < 0.001), indicating enhanced gut health. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with exogenous protease enzyme can effectively improve growth performance and gut microbial balance in broilers fed low protein-energy diets, suggesting its beneficial role in sustainable poultry nutrition.

Abstract:       Hydatid cysts are the immature form of the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus, responsible for causing a zoonotic disease known as echinococcosis, sometimes known as hydatid disease. Ten different genotypes of this parasite have been formally identified. The present study aimed to sequence and characterize the genotypes of E. granulosus using the antigen B subunit 2 gene of isolates obtained from sheep in Karbala Governorate, Iraq. Samples were collected between October 2024 and May 2025, and included sheep of both sexes and younger than five years of age. These samples were obtained from the Karbala slaughterhouse and from sheep farmers in the Al-Hussainiya area. A total of 5547 sheep were examined through necropsy. Hydatid cysts were detected and recorded in several organs, distributed as follows: 2635 liver samples, 1470 lung samples, 664 kidney samples, 212 mesenteric samples, and 549 meat samples. The samples were transported to the laboratory using sterile containers to ensure their safety. Molecular analysis of Echinococcus granulosus isolates from sheep in Kerbala provided important insights into the parasite's genetic diversity and local prevalence. Mitochondrial gene sequencing, particularly of CO1 and ND1, was used to identify genotypes and compare them to global reference strains, enabling a precise genetic map of the parasite isolates in the region.  The study aim was to identify and characterize the genotypes of Echinococcus granulosus isolated from sheep in Karbala Governorate, Iraq, using molecular analysis of the antigen B subunit 2, CO1, and ND1 genes to assess genetic diversity and local distribution

Abstract:         Breeding symptoms in sheep (ovis aries) are complicated, many genes affected by genes and environmental factors, as well as influenced by interaction between them. The polymorphisms in many genes associated with reproductive symptoms have been recorded in breeds by many sheep worldwide. Breeding symptoms significantly affect the profitability of lamb cultivation, which is eventually expressed in the number of lambs per lamb. Since most events only produce a lamb due to low reproductive efficiency or poor genetics, it is of great scientific and economic importance to identify genes responsible for specific reproductive symptoms. Ovulation is a complex mechanism that varies between species and depends on genetic and environmental factors. Mammals can have either mono-convulatory or poly-convulatory, which may be based on the number of eggs released during ripe and ovulation. The BMP system is an important ovary regulatory system, which plays an important role in the mechanism responsible for choosing follicles in large household species. Development of follicle in the ovaries of mammal species is strongly influenced by different BMPs, so we recognize the importance of assessing these factors, which play an important role in affecting ovulation, coup discrimination and cumulous expansion. The BMP family has more than 30 members, with BMP15 most important. Development discrimination factor 9 (GDF9) gen is an important breeding gene studied in many sheep. The polymorphisms in these genes have shown significant relationships with fertility symptoms such as ovulation speed and garbage size and have been used in reproductive programs. The transforming growth factor Beta (TGF-β) Different mutations in the GDF9 genes in the family have been shown to affect the fertility of the sheep. Increasing garbage size is important for the profitability of sheep production, but it is just one of the several factors that makes lamb cultivation profitable. In the sheep, genetic variation in the size of the garbage and ovulation speed is widely documented, and many conclusions have indicated sufficient differences between the breeds and within different mechanisms. Given that breeding symptoms have less heredity, and the selection is slow and disabled depending on phenotype values, the purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between genes and these symptoms, which emphasizes the relationship between polymorphism in GDF9 and BMP15.

Abstract:   Prebiotics are indigestible food ingredients, mostly dietary fibers, that specifically promote the development and activity of good bacteria like Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus in the stomach. Prebiotics support a healthy gut microbiota by acting as a food supply for these advantageous bacteria, in contrast to probiotics, which are living microorganisms. Since 70–80% of immune cells are found in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), the gut microbiome is essential for immune system regulation. Prebiotics improve the body's capacity to combat infections, lower inflammation, and preserve immunological homeostasis by indirectly influencing immune responses through gut microbiota modulation. The fructooligosaccharides (FOS) in garlic (Allium sativum), a popular prebiotic, are resistant to digestion and act as substrates for good gut flora. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), including butyrate, propionate, and acetate, are produced when these bacteria ferment FOS. These SCFAs improve the integrity of the intestinal barrier, lower inflammation, and control immunological responses. As a nutritional element garlic possesses distinct properties to boost immune function because its active compounds including allicin demonstrate anti-bacterial and immunostimulatory action

Abstract: The current study evaluated the harmful effects of trichloroethylene and curcumin on the reproductive system in male Wistar rats.  For 12 weeks, animals were given 0.2ml/100 g B.W of each (trichloroethylene, curcumin, and corn oil as controls) via gavage. The study found significant differences in testosterone levels among the three groups, with the curcumin group having the highest mean concentration (0.978 ng/ml), indicating a stimulatory or protective effect on testosterone production. Trichloroethylene (TCE) treatment resulted in significantly decreased testosterone levels (0.580 ng/ml), indicating probable endocrine disruption and impaired hormone synthesis. Sperm analysis found that the curcumin group performed better than the TCE and control groups, with higher sperm count, motility, and viability, as well as fewer sperm abnormalities, supporting curcumin's protective effect in sperm quality maintenance. Histopathological tests confirmed these results: TCE exposure produced significant testicular necrosis, congestion, and the degeneration of seminiferous tubules. The curcumin group revealed degenerative alterations but still had some spermatogenic function. The oil control group showed symptoms of testicular degeneration, including macro-vacuolar alterations and a reduction in Leydig cells. Overall, curcumin appears to reduce TCE's reproductive toxicity by increasing hormone levels, sperm parameters, and testicular tissue integrity.

Abstract: The research done to estimate the effectiveness of date pits extract , vitamin e and selenium on hematological parameters and anatomical changes on ovary of albino rabbits.The experiment was done in veterinary medicine university of kerbala in animal house in special cages in two months   from 4/1/2025 to 4/3/2025 .Twenty(20) albino rabbits weighing between 1200 and 1500 kg and the ages of 2.5 and 3 months were split up into four groups.The first group used as control group received no treatment while (G2) received treatment with seed extract (12%), followed by vitamin E (100 mg/kg body weight) and selenium (0.3 mg/kg body weight) in the third group, and a combination of seed extract (12%) and vitamin E (100 mg/kg body weight) and selenium (0.3 mg/kg body weight) in the fourth group. Five milliliters of blood are drawn straight from the heart at the end of the experiment, and the weight and size of the ovary following ovariectomy are also recorded.    The results  findings, selenium, vitamin E, and date seed extract all improve blood parameters, and when taken together, they have a stronger cumulative effect.    Numerous studies have demonstrated that date seeds are high in antioxidants that increase the production of blood cells, and that vitamin E and selenium are known for their functions in preventing blood cell oxidation and enhancing immune system function. The significant increase in G4 confirms a synergistic effect between the extract and nutrients (vitamin E and selenium), which promote reproductive health and stimulate ovarian growth. In conc   lusion  the extract has a strong beneficial effect on its own, vitamin E and selenium greatly increase its potency. The hypothesis that these substances can be used as supplements to improve fertility and blood health was supported by the clear demonstration of the positive effect in blood and reproductive parameters.

Abstract: Pimaricin (natamycin), a polyene antifungal agent commonly used in food preservation and pharmaceuticals, has raised concerns regarding its systemic toxicity, including potential reproductive effects. Objectives: This study aim to investigate the histological, immunohistochemical, and induced by pimaricin exposure in the testis and epididymis of albino male rats. Material and methods: Twenty adult Wistar albino rats were divided into control and treated groups. The treated group received pimaricin orally at a dose of  0.3 mg/kg/day for 50 consecutive days, while the control group received distilled water. At the end of the experiment, serum samples were collected for hormonal analysis of (LH), and (FSH). Testicular and epididymal tissues were processed for histological evaluation using as well as immunohistochemical staining (MDA). Results Histological examination revealed degenerative & necrosis of spermatic cells with few Leydig cells as well as congestion of interstitial blood vessels accompanied with atrophy of seminiferous tubules with severe increase in interstitial spaces & complete absence of tubules were recorded. The section of epididymis showed intense hyalinization of epididymal lumen. Conclusion: According to our findings, immunohistochemical examination showed that the testis and the epithelial lining the epididymal ducts is showing moderate nuclear and cytoplasmic positivity staining for MDA and control group had mild and mild nuclear and cytoplasmic MDA expression  .    

Abstract:   Nanomaterials: List of Current Nanomaterials Showing Potent Progress on Based on Diagnostics or Target Experience: Nanomaterials have Caused Dent in Medical Apply, Specificity Nanomaterials Have Come Far Nano-Designed Diagnostics NanoGroup-based Nanodiagnostics Nanotherapies Nanomaterials Have Gained Ground Near Medical Employ, Particularly On Imaging Or Speciality Nanoplast Nanoplatform Nanobiomedicine Nanomaterials Nanomaterials Nanomaterials Nanomaterials: An Overview OfTheir Medical Drafts Nanomedicine Nanomedic Nanodise Nanodermatological Applications Of  Nanobiomaterials, Application Of Nanotechnology In Bioimaging, Diagnosis, And Targ MicroNaso Nanocarriers Nanomaterials Nanomaterials Nanomaterials Nanotech BioOrganization Nanoplatforms Nanomaterial Nanoplasma Nanomaterials Nanoplast  Nanomaterials Nanorobots Nanodiagnostics Nanoplastics Nanoparticles Nanorobots Nanomaterials Nanostructures Nanomaterials Nanogenesis Nanotechnology Nanoparticles Nanotechnologies Nanomachines Nanomaterials have come a long way from their diagnosis applications, especially in diagnosis and targeted applications. However, their engagement with the innate immune system raises questions not only about their immunological safety, but also their immunological risks. Abstract: Here, we review recent clinical studies and associated statistics that elucidate classes of nanomaterials with immunomodulatory effects on constituents of the innate immune system to reveal therapeutic opportunities and risks    

Abstract: The current study aims to know the protective effect of the alcoholic extract of the fruits of the plant Cordia myxa on the liver tissue in white rats treated with tartrazine. The current study included 24 laboratory rats, their weights ranged between (250-200) grams, and their ages between (11-12) weeks. The animals were divided into four groups, with six animals for each group. The first group was considered a negative control group, given water and fodder freely. The second group was dosed with the aqueous solution of tartrazine at a dose of 400) mg/kg of body weight, while the third group was dosed with the alcoholic extract of the fruits of the plant Cordia myxa at a concentration of (1000) mg/kg of body weight. The fourth group was considered a protective group and was dosed with the alcoholic extract of the fruits of Cordia myxa at a dose of 1000) mg/kg of body weight. After 3 hours, it was dosed with tartrazine. After the 30-day experimental period, the animals were anesthetized with chloroform, dissected, and liver samples were taken to prepare histological sections. The results of examining the histological sections showed histological changes in the liver tissue of the animals treated with tartrazine, caused by oxidative stress resulting from the release of free radicals into the blood. The results of examining the prepared sections showed no histological changes in the liver tissue of the animals treated with the alcoholic extract. The results of examining the liver tissue of the animals treated with the extract of the bambur plant as a preventative substance showed that they were less affected by tartrazine toxicity when compared to the samples of the rat group treated with tartrazine, as the tissue appeared closer to normal, with a normal central vein and strong regularity of the hepatic cords. We conclude that the alcoholic extract of the pomegranate fruit can be used in medical treatments as it has a preventive effect against the toxicity caused by tartrazine dye by improving the liver structure  

Abstract: Chlamydia psittaci , the causative agent of avian chlamydiosis, is a well-recognized zoonotic pathogen with pigeons ( Columba livia domestica ) serving as a primary natural reservoir. Despite its significance, C. psittaci remains a neglected public health threat in many regions, including Iraq. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and molecular characterization of C. psittaci in oropharyngeal samples from domestic pigeons and nasal swabs from their human handlers in Baghdad, Iraq, using a combination of rapid antigen testing and conventional PCR techniques. From October 2023 to April 2024, a total of 150 pigeon oropharyngeal swabs and 20 nasal swabs from pigeon breeders were collected. Initial screening for the C. psittaci major outer membrane protein (MOMP) antigen using a rapid diagnostic cassette test revealed a 40% positivity rate (60/150) among the pigeon samples. These positive samples were subsequently inoculated into embryonated chicken eggs for pathogen propagation. DNA extracted from the cultured material was subjected to PCR amplification targeting the 16S rRNA and ompA genes specific to C. psittaci. PCR analysis confirmed C. psittaci DNA in 8.3% (5/60) of the antigen-positive pigeon samples and in 5% (1/20) of the human samples. Furthermore, all six PCR-positive samples harbored antibiotic resistance-associated genes, including rpID (azithromycin resistance) and rpIV (spectinomycin resistance), indicating 100% resistance gene detection. Phylogenetic analysis of the ompA gene sequences revealed that all avian isolates belonged to genotype B. To our knowledge, this study represents the first molecular detection and genotypic characterization of C. psittaci in Iraq. These findings highlight the zoonotic risk posed by domestic pigeons and underscore the urgent need for targeted surveillance, public education, and biosecurity measures to mitigate the risk of pigeon-to-human transmission of chlamydial pathogens in urban environments.

Abstract:       To diagnose the leishmania species prevalent in some regions of the central Iraq Regions of central Iraq for animal breeders, the molecular method (PCR) was used to identify two Species of disease-causing Leishmania parasites. generally, the study showed a 750-base-pair band was associated with 39 patients at a rate (17.3%) Leishmania tropica species., while A 560-base-pair band was recorded in 186 patients at a rate (82.6%) associated with Leishmania major, were infected with Leishmania major type in 9 Regions of for animal breeder in central Iraq. For specific studying samples in Wasit Region, the number of infected samples reached 125 samples for the years 2022-2024, divided into two parts of sample collection. However, the actual infections in the first period from October 2022 to September 2023 reached 73 infections, and the rate of infection in males for animal breeders was higher than in females (47) 64.4%, (26) 35.6%. respectively, while the results were in the second part for proud October 2023 to September 2024 (52) infections distribution by gender, male, female, "28 (53.8%), 24(46.1%) “respectively. During the study period 2022-2024, at a rate of (58.4%) and (41.6%) respectively, in various populated areas in Wasit Region, where (51) cases were recorded at a rate of (40.8%) in Al-Hay District, the highest infection rate, and the lowest infection rate was in the center of Kut city, 5 cases (4%). The results also showed that the incidence of the Species of leishmaniasis infection of Leishmania tropica was less prevalent at 24.8%, divided into 17.6% for males and 7.2% for females for animal breeder, compared with Leishmania major at a rate (75.2 %) The gender ratio is 44%, 31.2% for males and females, respectively for animal breeder. Therefore, this research can be used to determine the species of parasite causing the disease for animal breeders, to reduce the risk and control the disease by preparing the vaccine.

Abstract: The articular cartilage is a connective tissue with significant mechanical durability and elasticity function. Cartilage has limited self-repair capabilities due to its intrinsic low vascularity, which leads to a diminished replicative capability of chondrocytes. Cartilage defect is a debilitating joint disorder that affects the dog. In this study, we investigated the utilization of decellularized cartilage and Adipose tissue mesenchymal stem cells  associated with medical ozone for treating full-thickness cartilage defect in dogs. Methods: Twenty-five dogs were used. A full-thickness 8 mm diameter by (4) mm deep cartilage defect was performed in the left stifle joint of all dogs. They were divided into five equal groups. The induced defects of the first group were left without treatment. The defects of second group were filled with decellularized cartilage (DC). The defects of the third group were filled with (DC) then treated with Medical Ozone. The defects of the fourth group were filled with (DC) + (AT-MSCs). While the defects of the fifth group were filled with (DC) and (AT-MSCs) then treated with medical ozone. The dogs were euthanized at 56-day post operation. Results: The cartilage healing process of fifth group showed a new cartilage tissue formation in the peripheral and extended to the centre of the cartilage defect. The middle and superficial areas of the cartilage defect tend to be compact. Conclusion: Decellularized cartilage with both (AT-MSCs) and medical ozone which used in this present study as a treatment can effectively accelerate and promote the healing of cartilage defect of stifle joint in dogs

Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the histopathological study of oxidative stress by H2O2 on hepatic and renal tissues of female mice. Liver histological section for a control positive group animal showed moderate to severe central vein congestion loss of regular arrangements of hepatic cords with hepatocytes vacuolation .Whereas, renal histological section revealed atrophy of glomeruli with severe interstitial congestion and tubular epithelia necrosis. Furthermore, liver histological section for a Fadrozole treated group animal revealing the mild to moderate portal vascular congestion, with mild hepatocytes vacuolation and mild inflammatory cells infiltration in portal area; whereas, kidney histological section for this group animal revealed the characteristic close to normal glomeruli, with intact renal tubules epithelia, but characteristic close to normal glomeruli , with intact renal tubules epithelia with significant brush borders. Whereas, liver histological section for a PLGA loaded Fadrozole treated group animal revealed the slight vascular congestion ,with mild hepatocytes swelling; but kidney histological section for this group animal showed the normal glomeruli , with degenerative renal. Obtained data and review of literature suggested that H 2 O 2 and estrogen preparations could be responsible for toxic damage of mice liver and kidney, described as fatty change, vascular disorders, hepatic, and focal nodular hyperplasia., tubules epithelia. the normal glomeruli with degenerative renal tubules epithelia. This study concluded that PLGA loaded Fadrozole had the ability in ameliorating harmful oxidative stress

Abstract: The study aim to investigate the mitigating effect of Saffron on body weight and oxidative stress in male rats exposed to streptozotocine to induced Diabetes Mellitus. 40 male rats aged 8-10 weeks included in this study, it divided to 4 group.10 male rats don’t receive any type of treatment and only injected an equal volume of vehicle. Saffron group:  10 male rats receive daily orally dose of Saffron extract 500mg/kg/bw daily for 28 days. Streptozotocin group :10 male rats  received only one single I/P injection of streptozotocin  65mg/kg /bw. Streptozotocin + Saffron group: 10 male rats receive one single I/P injection of streptozotocin  65mg/kg/ BW, followed by daily orally dose of Saffron extract 500mg/kg /bw for 28 days.   The results showed a significant improvement (p≤ 0.05) in body weight and oxidative stress values in the saffron + streptozotocine group compare with streptozotocine alone group. In conclusion, Saffron has an enhanced effect on the body weight and oxidative stress  in diabetes mellitus induced rats.

Abstract: Accurate and timely diagnosis of bacterial infections is essential for effective treatment and disease control. Molecular and serological diagnostic methods are widely used, but their comparative performance across various bacterial infections remains unclear. Objective : To systematically compare the diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and clinical utility of molecular versus serological methods for bacterial infections through a meta-analysis. Methods : A comprehensive literature search was conducted across multiple databases to identify studies evaluating molecular (e.g., PCR, NGS) and serological (e.g., ELISA, agglutination) diagnostic techniques. Data on sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic odds ratios were extracted and pooled using a bivariate random-effects model. Subgroup analyses were performed by infection type and sample source. Results : Thirty-five studies were included. Molecular methods demonstrated higher pooled sensitivity (89%; 95% CI: 85–92) and specificity (95%; 92–97) compared to serological methods (sensitivity 78%; 72–83, specificity 89%; 85–92). Molecular diagnostics showed superior performance in early infection detection and antimicrobial resistance identification. Serological tests provided valuable information on immune status and infection history but had limitations in early diagnosis. Conclusions : Molecular diagnostic methods outperform serological assays in sensitivity and specificity for bacterial infection detection, particularly in early stages. However, serological tests remain important for assessing host immune response. Integrated use of both methods tailored to clinical context optimizes diagnostic accuracy and patient management.    

Abstract: Brucellosis is one of the zoonotic bacterial disease that poses a threat to public health. It is transmitted to humans  through the consumption of unpasteurized milk and dairy products. This study aims to detect the presence of Brucella bacteria in the samples of milk and by products (yogurt and cheese) taken from cows and ewes in Karbala and Babylon  governorates. This  study used specialized culture media and gene sequencing technology to extreme precision to identify bacterial species and biochemical tests for first diagnosis. The study started from October /2024 until April/2025 , 300 samples of milk and milk products (yogurt and cheese) were collected from cows and ewes The results showed varying in  rates of infection between the two governorates, with the highest infection rate recorded in the Babylon governorate compared to Karbala. Gene sequencing results also proved that all positive isolates were of the Brucella melitensis species, that most common cause of infection in humans. This study confirms as  the real risk of disease transmission through the consumption of unpasteurized local dairy products, highlighting the importance of health monitoring and early diagnosis to limit the spread of the infection