Abstract: Moringa oleifera is a medicinal plant widely recognized for its rich content of bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, phenolic compounds, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, vitamins, and antioxidants that contribute to its therapeutic potential against various pathological disorders, including gastric ulceration. The present study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effects of Moringa oleifera extract and lansoprazole against indomethacin-induced gastric ulcers in rats. Ulcer-induced rats exhibited several clinical manifestations, including lethargy, anorexia, and melena, accompanied by a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in body weight to accomplish this, Forty adult Wistar rats were divided to 5 groups(n=8): control (C−) Administration of Distilled water (D.W) for 4weeks (orally) and other 4 groups induced gastric ulcer by administration with a single oral dose of indomethacin (30 mg/kg BW).  Control positive (C+): (8 rat) Induced with acute gastric ulcer without any treatments. G1:(Moringa treatment): after 3 days of ulcer induction, administration with 200 mg/kg of Moringa leaf extract orally, for 4 weeks. G 2: (lansoprazole treatment): after 3 days of ulcer induction, administration with 20 mg/kg of lansoprazole orally for 4 weeks. G3: after 3 days of ulcer induction, administration with combination of MO (200mg/kg) and lansoprazole (20mg/kg) orally for 4 weeks. following ulcer induction. Treatment with Moringa oleifera extract significantly improved (P < 0.05) body weight and clinical condition compared with the untreated ulcer group, while rats treated with lansoprazole demonstrated a greater degree of recovery. Notably, the combination therapy produced the most pronounced therapeutic effect, showing significant amelioration (P < 0.05) of clinical signs and restoration of body weight compared with all other treated groups. Prostaglandin levels were significantly elevated (P < 0.05) in all treated groups relative to the untreated ulcer group. The highest prostaglandin concentration was observed in the combination-treated group, followed by the lansoprazole-treated group, whereas the Moringa oleifera-treated group showed the lowest increase among the treated groups. Histopathological examination further confirmed the therapeutic efficacy, revealing marked improvement in gastric mucosal architecture and a significant reduction in tissue damage in treated animals, particularly in the combination therapy group. These findings suggest that Moringa oleifera possesses significant anti-ulcer activity and may enhance the therapeutic efficacy of lansoprazole through prostaglandin modulation and improvement of gastric histopathological alterations.

Abstract: Whey protein is widely used as a nutritional supplement because of its high biological value, rapid digestibility, and rich content of essential and branched-chain amino acids. However, its hepatic effects may vary according to dose and duration of administration. This study aimed to evaluate the histological and histochemical alterations in the liver of adult male rats following six weeks of whey protein feeding. Fifteen adult male albino rats were randomly divided into three equal groups (n = 5 per group): a control group receiving distilled water, a low-dose whey protein group receiving 5 g/kg body weight, and a high-dose whey protein group receiving 10 g/kg body weight. Liver specimens were processed using the routine paraffin technique. Hematoxylin and Eosin staining was used to assess general hepatic architecture, hepatocyte arrangement, steatosis, inflammatory infiltration, and cellular alterations, while Masson’s Trichrome staining was applied to evaluate collagen deposition and fibrotic remodeling. The control group showed well-preserved hepatic lobular architecture, regularly arranged hepatocyte cords radiating from the central vein, and no evidence of steatosis, inflammation, necrosis, or fibrotic change. In the 5 g/kg whey protein group, liver sections showed mild to moderate macrovesicular steatosis with focal inflammatory cell infiltration, while the general hepatic architecture remained relatively preserved. Masson’s Trichrome staining revealed moderate collagen deposition, mainly in the perisinusoidal and portal/periportal regions. In contrast, the 10 g/kg whey protein group exhibited marked macrovesicular steatosis, large cytoplasmic vacuolation, peripheral displacement or fading of hepatocyte nuclei, extensive inflammatory infiltration, disruption of hepatocyte cords, and more advanced collagen deposition with bridging fibrotic changes. These findings indicate that six weeks of whey protein feeding induced dose-dependent histological and histochemical liver alterations in male rats. The lower dose produced moderate steatotic, inflammatory, and fibrotic changes, whereas the higher dose caused more severe hepatic tissue injury, architectural disruption, and advanced fibrotic remodeling. The results suggest that excessive whey protein intake may impose a progressive hepatic tissue burden under the conditions of this experimental model.

Abstract: Dehydration is a dangerous environmental stress that disturbs water and electrolyte balance, causing significant pathological changes in vital organs, especially the liver and kidneys. Therefore, the present study was planned to examine preventive benefits of Silybum marianum (milk thistle) seeds contains an effective water insoluble compound knowns silymarin, recently has been widely employed as therapeutic component as a hepato-renal protective, in this study used against dehydration-induced hepatic and renal abnormalities in guinea pigs. Twenty-four adult guinea pigs ( Cavia porcellus ) were randomly separated into four groups (n=6); control, Silybum marianum, dehydration groups and dehydration + Silybum marianum groups. Dehydration was induced for four weeks by restriction 30% of water intake. Hydroalcoholic extract of silymarin was administered orally to the treated groups during the study period, at a dose of 150 mg/ kg per day for 4 weeks. At the end of the experiment statistical analysis of serum biochemical parameters were performed. Liver and Kidney tissues were taken for histological, histochemical and immunohistochemical examinations utilizing Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E), Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS) and Caspase-3 immunostaining. Histopathological results showed Histopathological alternation in the dehydration group, including necrosis of the proximal convoluted tubules, vacuolar degeneration of the hepatocytes, congestion of the blood vessels, and inflammatory infiltration. PAS staining also revealed a reduction in the reactivity of the tissue in the dehydrated animals. However, the tissue architecture and staining intensity were significantly improved in the dehydration + Silybum marianum group. Further immunohistochemical evaluation indicated higher expression of Caspase-3 in dehydration group indicating increased apoptotic activity and a decrease of expression after treatment with Silybum marianum . In conclusion, results reveal that Silybum marianum has hepatorenal protective effects against dehydration induced tissue injury by antioxidant and anti-apoptotic mechanisms.

Abstract: The present study was planned to evaluate the effect of experimental exercises on the histological and biochemical changes in the skeletal muscle, bone and general body functioning in males and females rabbit. There were control and exercise therapy groups in the study and both had male and female participants. It aims to look at changes in structure, metabolism, endocrine responses and balance of oxidative stress. Twenty adult rabbits (ten males and ten females) were randomly assigned to either a treadmill training group or a control group that did not exercise. The rabbits were between the ages of four and six months. The design allowed for the evaluation of treatment and sex effects simultaneously. Tissue slices of the control groups stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin showed normal tissue architecture.    The therapy groups nonetheless showed normal adaptation changes including an increase in trabecular bone density, an improvement in blood flow and hypertrophy of the muscle fibers. These data show that exercise increases the tissue's ability to modify shape and function. Biochemical testing showed that levels in treated animals were considerably higher of lactate and cortisol in treated animals compared to controls.    suggesting the metabolism is functioning harder and the stress reaction is being triggered. Levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) were increased, indicating improvement in antioxidant defenses and levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) were reduced, indicating reduction in lipid peroxidation. Males showed high increases in muscle hypertrophy and metabolic indicators, whereas female had greater increases in antioxidants.    The two-way ANOVA test revealed significant effects of sex and therapy on all parameters studied (P < 0.05). Taken together, the data suggest that regulated exercise enhances bone health, muscle structure and oxidative balance, without any detrimental effects. Overall, our findings suggest that exercise training has great promise as a non-pharmacological intervention to improve tissue function and health in general, with obvious sex differences in the way they adaption.

Abstract: Sex-specific histological changes during post-hatching skeletal ‎ maturation remain poorly understood in ‎ domestic geese. ‎ The ‎ study aimed to investigate the microstructural characteristics ‎ of femoral bone associated with sexual size dimorphism in ‎ domestic goose ‎( Anser anser )‎, where males typically exhibit ‎ greater body mass than females. To achieve this, femoral ‎ bone samples were collected from 18 domestic geese (9 males, ‎‎ 9 females) at 1, 6, and 24 weeks post-hatching ‎ (n = 3 per ‎ sex ‎ per age group) ‎ . After standard histology using hematoxylin ‎ and eosin alongside Masson trichrome stains, we determined ‎ three parameters: Active Cartilaginous Zone Thickness ‎‎ (ACZT), ‎ Cortical Bone Thickness (CBT), and Total Bone ‎ Diameter (TBD). Data were statistically analyzed using an ‎ independent samples t-test to compare between sexes. At 1- ‎ week post-hatching, ‎ males showed significantly higher values ‎ for both ACZT (1499.34 ± 66.2 vs. ‎‎ 1346.84 ± 32.4 µm, ‎ P = 0.023) and CBT (429.92 ± 4.76 vs. 413.74 ± 6.79 µm, ‎ P = 0.023). By 6 ‎‎ weeks, the ACZT difference had disappeared ‎‎ (P = 0.745), whereas CBT remained ‎ significantly higher in ‎ males (1093.35 ± 18.5 vs. 939.26 ± 69.7 µm, P = 0.020). At 24 ‎ weeks ‎‎ (adulthood), males exceeded females in all three ‎ parameters: CBT (1383.88 ± 10.4 vs. ‎‎ 1281.28 ± 14.7 µm, ‎ P = 0.001), ACZT (210.58 ± 5.22 vs. 172.77 ± 4.09 µm, ‎ P = 0.001), and ‎ TBD (8199.13 ± 114.1 vs. ‎‎ 7739.90 ± 133.6 µm, P = 0.011). The histological analysis ‎ confirmed that male cortices were significantly thicker, with a ‎ slightly thicker growth plate remnant, than those of females. ‎ In this way, the phenomenon of sexual dimorphism in goose ‎ femoral histology appears at the age of one week after ‎ hatching and is accentuated with age. This finding suggest ‎ sex-specific trajectories in appositional baseline histological ‎ data for future studies of avian ‎ development. ‎

Abstract: Background: The increase in use of alternative feeding practices as a result of the ban on antibiotics as growth promotors has led to an increased demand for safe and sustainable feeding strategies that improve immune function and promote animal health. Saccharomyces cerevisiae based supplements that have been treated to be inactive are well documented to modulate the immune system through the bioactive molecules present within them, which include; β-glucans, mannan oligosaccharides (MOS), nucleotides, peptides, vitamins, and various other functional metabolites. Although there is an increasing trend toward using these products in animal nutrition research, there is limited data available about the immunological effects from orally administered dosages of Thepax ®, an intact inactivated yeast product, at different levels in small ruminant species. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of two different doses of orally administered Thepax ® on humoral and cellular immunity in both healthy sheep  during a 90-days experimental period. Methodology: We used a controlled study with thirty healthy  sheep  aged from 3-12 months, randomly distributed into three treatment groups with ten in each. Sheep in the "low dose" group received 10 ml/day of Thepax® this dose contained approximately 100 billion (1 × 10¹¹) inactivated but structurally intact yeast cells and less than 1 × 10⁴ colony-forming units (CFU) of viable cells.; sheep in the "high dose" group received 20 ml/day of thepax contained approximately 200 billion (2 × 10¹¹) inactivated but structurally intact yeast cells and less than 2 × 10⁴ CFU of viable cells. Sheep in both treatment groups were compared to sheep that had been administered an equal volume of sterile physiological saline. Blood was sampled on day zero prior to treatment and then every 10 days thereafter for ninety days. Using commercial ELISA kits, we determined serum concentrations of IgG, IgM, and IgA. Phagocytic activity as a measure of cellular immunity was also measured. Repeated measures analysis of variance (repeated measures ANOVA) followed by a Tukey’s Multiple Comparison Test was performed on the data, with p<0.05 being considered statistically significant. The results demonstrated that oral supplementation using Thepax resulted in a marked enhancement of humoral immunity over the duration of the trial. IgM, IgG and IgA levels continued to increase throughout the course of the trial in each of the treated groups while there was little or no indication of temporal variation in the controls. In addition, we found a consistent increase in antibody response from the high dosage treatment as compared to the low dosage treatment. This finding clearly indicates a dose dependent stimulation of the immune system (P<0.001). We also observed an improvement in the phagocytic index post-oral ingestion of Thepax; this finding suggests an improvement in the innate cellular components of the immune system. Analysis by repeated measures ANOVA showed statistically significant main effects for treatment, sampling time and for the interaction of treatment x sampling time on all of the immunologic parameters assessed (P<0.001). Conclusion: When Thepax(r) is administered orally, it increases both humoral and cellular immune responses in  sheep; the extent to which these immune responses are increased will depend upon how much Thepax(r) was administered. Therefore, based upon these results, there is some evidence that structurally intact inactivated Saccharomyces cerevisiae may be used as a functional feed additive to enhance immune function in small ruminant animals. Thus, there exists an empirical basis for conducting additional studies examining the potential of this product to protect against diseases and improve the health status and productivity of sheep  within commercial production systems.

Abstract: Wound healing aims to restore the integrity and   function of the skin. This process occurs through overlapping phases including inflammation, cell proliferation, and tissue remodeling. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of fig leaf extract (Ficus carica) in accelerating skin wound healing by examining histological changes during different healing stages compared with a control group. Sixteen adult male rabbits were used in this study and divided into two groups (n = 8 each) at random: a control group and a group treated with Ficus carica. Standardized induced wounds were treated topically with the plant extract. When compared to the control group, the treated group's wound healing significantly improved, according to the data. Fig leaf extract decreased bleeding, enhanced collagen fiber organization and granulation tissue production, and sped up wound healing and epidermal regeneration. The efficiency of fig leaf extract in promoting wound healing was demonstrated by statistical analysis, which showed significant differences (P < 0.05) between the two groups in the majority of histological criteria. According to these results, fig leaf extract may help restore normal skin architecture by speeding up wound healing and enhancing tissue remodeling.

Abstract: The recently study has been conducted to detect Pasteurella multocida in cats in Kerbala province by molecular technique conventional PCR and to evaluate the   alterations in hematological parameters in infected cats. A total of 200 cats from Kerbala privet clinical room in Kerbala province were clinically examined for respiratory signs or history of bite wounds. Throat, nasal, and skin wound swabs were collected for molecular detection, beside blood samples for hematological analysis. PCR targeting the kmt1 gene (460 bp) was used for Pasteurella multocida identification. Out of 200 samples, 32 (16%) tested positive for Pasteurella multocida :27/188 (14.3%) from respiratory cases and 5/12 (41.6%) from skin wound cases. Hematological findings in positive cases showed significant increases in RBCs, hemoglobin, hematocrit, MCHC, total leukocyte count, neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes in both acute and chronic conditions compared to normal values, while MCV showed no significant difference. Platelet counts were markedly elevated in acute cases but decreased in chronic cases. These alterations reflect the systemic inflammatory response to infection. The study concludes that conventional PCR is a ideal diagnostic tool for diagnosis of Pasteurella multocida , and that infection causes notable hematological changes in cats.

Abstract: Cisplatin, which can be very effective as a chemotherapeutic agent, is considerably limited in its clinical application by its known tendencies towards nephrotoxicity, a problem that is mainly due to oxidative stress, inflammation and tubular damage. To appraise the ameliorative and antioxidant action of Moringa oleifera extract on cisplatin-induced renal trauma in male rabbits. Thirty-two adult male rabbits were randomly allocated to four groups control group ; the cisplatin treatment group; the cisplatin plus Moringa group; and a fourth group which only received Moringa extracts without any cisplatin exposure. Kidney injury was induced by cisplatin (5 mg/kg). Moringa oleifera extract in such an amount as 300 mg × kg(-1) was given orally every day for 30 days. After this period of time we saw Cisplatin administration led to severe renal dysfunction by marked increases in serum urea, creatinine and Kidney Injury Molecule-1 (KIM-1)  along with prominent oxidative stress as evidenced by GSH and SOD decrease, NO and MDA increase. Co-treatment with Moringa oleifera could greatly improve kidney function indexes and reduced KIM-1 concentration, suggesting the attenuation of tubular injury. In addition, while significantly decreasing levels of NO and MDA, it helped the antioxidant system: Moringa restored deficiency in GSH and SOD. In conclusion, these findings suggest that Moringa oleifera has a protective effect against cisplatin-induced renal injury. This extract clearly exerts antioxidant effects and has anti-inflammatory properties, thereby effectively eliminating oxidative damage caused during the use of cisplatin. It can ensure good kidney function .

Abstract: Epidural anesthesia is a technique widely practiced in veterinary medicine despite reservations about its probable local neurotoxic side effects. This study was undertaken to assess the clinical, radiological, gross, and histological changes following administration of epidural lidocaine in dogs. Twelve healthy male dogs were used for this study and were randomly assigned to two equal groups of six each. Group A (Control group) received distilled water while Group B received 2% lidocaine hydrochloride at a dose of 4.5 mg/kg. The body weight for each dog. Clinical observations were made during the period of anesthesia and after that period. Radiological examination was done before the injection and after 24 hours. Gross and histological examinations of the spinal cord were carried out 72 hours post-injection. Both groups showed transient ataxia. However, the treated group (lidocaine group) demonstrated additional transient motor dysfunction and vocalization, all of which resolved within one hour. Gross examination demonstrated focal redness with small hematomas at injection sites. The lidocaine group demonstrated significant histological alterations at 72 hours, including axonal degeneration, neuronal atrophy, Schwann cell swelling and vacuolation, pronounced perineuronal vacuolation, and early transient degenerative micro-lesion despite the transient nature of the clinical signs. Despite these tissue alterations, all clinical motor effects were fully reversible. The statistical analysis showed significant changes between groups at the level (p < 0.05). Epidural administration of lidocaine at 4.5 mg/kg induces transient and fully reversible clinical motor effects in dogs. However, the observed histological alterations at 72 hours suggest potential localized neurotoxicity. Therefore, while lidocaine remains a viable option for veterinary anesthesia, careful dosing, vigilant perioperative monitoring, and the consideration of neuroprotective strategies are recommended to mitigate potential tissue risks.

Abstract:      Industrial effluents/ wastewater is a primary source of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) contamination in the environment. This pollutant, widely used in various industries, is highly toxic and persistent, making it one of the most significant global environmental concerns. Its hexavalent form is carcinogenic, genotoxic, and mutagenic, with exposure linked to respiratory issues, organ damage, and DNA mutations. However, milk thistle, a plant with traditional medicinal use, can eliminate harmful free radicals and regulate inflammatory reactions. Milk Thistle has showed protective and treated effects in different models of disease. Thus, we hypothesized that silymarin would be protective against chromium(VI) induced liver and kidney injury. Twenty four male albino rats were divided into four groups and allocated as control group (G1)was treated orally with normal saline for 4 weeks, milk thistle aqueous extract treated group (G2) received potassium dichromate to induce toxicity (2 mg/kg/ day for 4 weeks),  G3 received a daily intake of 200 mg/kg milk thistle for 4 weeks,  and G4 received both potassium dichromate and milk thistle extract. Biochemical analysis for blood samples as liver function (ALT, AST and ALP), kidney function (urea and creatinine) and lipid peroxidation (MDA) and antioxidant Capacity (CAT). The exposure to Cr(VI)  increased malondialdehyde (MDA), ALT, AST, ALP, urea, creatinine, while reducing antioxidant markers levels, indicating oxidative stress, liver dysfunction. Protective role of milk thistle extract with Cr(VI) (G4) resulted in significant improvements, marked by significant increase in the levels of antioxidant enzymes, decreased levels of MDA, ALT, AST, ALP, urea, creatinine, in the serum. Milk thistle extract relieve Cr(VI)-induced hepatic and renal toxicity, via increasing antioxidants and decreasing lipid peroxidation

Abstract: Leeches of the Hirudinidae family are obligate parasitic organisms in some types of vertebrate animals. The interest in using leeches for medical purposes has been increasing lately. (18) Medicinal leeches were obtained from different clinics & institutes in Baghdad, Iraq, including the Research and Training, Al-Yermok Center, and Rafi Center for Chinese Medicine, during the period from (January to March 2025) . The nine leech samples collected were morphologically examined. Molecular analysis was conducted on only two specimens, using the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. Molecular analysis revealed a (91%) genetic similarity between the examined samples & the reference sequence of Hirudo verbana deposited in GenBank (Accession No. EF446693.1), indicating a close phylogenetic relationship. Phylogenetic tree analysis further supported the clustering of the studied specimens with reference to H. verbana isolates. The morphological and molecular findings confirmed that all examined medicinal leeches belonged to Hirudo verbana . These results demonstrated the usefulness of the COI gene as a reliable molecular marker for species identification and genetic characterization of medicinal leeches in Iraq.

Abstract: Respiratory aspergillosis in felines is major problems in diagnosis and treatment, thereby leading to a high rate of morbidity. The reason for the pathogenic success of Aspergillus fumigatus lies in the presence of certain through virulence factors, which enable the pathogen to invade the host tissue and evade the host immune system. The study aimed to identify the Aspergillus fumigates isolate from respiratory infections of cats by PCR of the mitochondrial ND2 gene and virulence genes with sequencing. PCR amplification of the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 (ND2) gene was used to verify the presence of A. fumigatus . The virulence potential of the confirmed isolates was assessed by the presence of the alkaline protease (alp1) and aspartic protease (asp) genes. The molecular study showed that the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 (ND2) gene was used to verify the presence of A. fumigatus in 35 isolates from totally 41 phenotypically characterized isolates during  six months of sample collection period in different veterinary medicine clinics and centers in Karbala province, also the study showed that the a considerable difference in the occurrence of important protease gene sequences among the 35 feline A. fumigatus isolates, the alp1 gene that encodes alkaline protease was present in 100% (all 35) of the isolates, emphasizing the importance of this gene in the overall pathogenicity of this fungus. However, the asp gene that encodes aspartic protease was present in only 15 (42.9%) of the isolates. DNA sequencing was performed on the isolates and give accession numbers LC915276, LC915275 and LC915273 for Mitochondrial NADH subunit 2(ND2), Alkaline protease (alp1) and Aspartic protease (asp) respectively. The sequences were then submitted to the NCBI GenBank database to ensure that a genetic fingerprint existed in the public domain. These findings highlight on the importance of molecular diagnosis of feline aspergillosis and reveal important virulence gene repertoire, which suggests that although alp1 is a key gene, asp might play a role in the pathogenicity of a subset of A. fumigatus strains in cats.

Abstract: Cystic echinococcosis (CE), caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus, remains a serious zoonotic and public health problem in Iraq and other endemic regions. This study investigated hydatid cysts recovered from sheep slaughtered at an abattoir in Kerbala Province, Iraq, with the aim of characterizing the genetic diversity of local E. granulosus isolates at the molecular level. Of 6,343 sheep examined, hydatid cysts were most frequently recovered from the liver and lungs, and infection rates were further analyzed according to month of slaughter and the age and sex of the animals. The mitochondrial nad1 gene was targeted by conventional PCR for species-level identification, and amplification was achieved for all examined samples, confirming the utility of this marker for detecting E. granulosus. PCR–RFLP analysis of the amplified nad1 fragments using the restriction enzyme HinfI revealed distinct restriction fragment patterns among isolates, indicating genetic polymorphism and suggesting the circulation of more than one genotype, predominantly the G1 genotype. This study provides the first molecular evidence describing the E. granulosus transmission cycle in Kerbala Province and confirms PCR–RFLP as a practical and reliable tool for strain-level differentiation. Continued molecular surveillance, ideally combined with broader genetic analyses, is recommended to strengthen control and prevention efforts against this parasite

Abstract: Green coffee is coffee prepared from raw, unroasted coffee and has many benefits because it has antioxidants effects on the body. This study aim to investigate the effects of green coffee extracts on body weight, blood parameters and some liver enzyme in female rabbits. The current study was conducted on 20 female rabbits aged ranged around 3months and the experiment last for two months. The rabbits were divided into two groups of 10 each. The control group received regular feed and water, while the treated group received green coffee bean extract at a dose of 100 mg/kg/day.  Blood samples were collected and samples prepare to estimate the levels of related biomarkers. The results show a significant decrease (P ≤0.05) in body weight after 2 months of treatment with GCBE, also, the results indicated that there was a significant increase (P ≤0.05) in RBC, PCV and Hb concentration in green coffee treated group when compare with control untreated group, while there is a significant decrease (P ≤0.05)  in WBC in green coffee treated group when compare with control untreated group. On the other hand, there is a significant decrease in liver enzyme in green coffee treated group when compare with control. As conclusion, it is best to take green coffee bean extract because its improve health state by improves blood parameters and liver enzymes, in addition to helping with weight loss.

Abstract: Listeria Monocytogenes (LM) can defined as pathogenic bacterium that caused listeriosis, a disease affected both humans and animals, this organism characterized by its ability to live inside host cell and adapt to a wide range environmental condition and lead to sever health problems.    Aim of this study to evaluate the biochemical and histopathological impacts of L-carnitine as a protective agent against Listeria monocytogenes (LM). A total of Sixty (60) white albino female mice aged 7- 9 weeks and average weight 25-30grms, were randomly divided into   three groups (n=20 each), Group1(G1) considered as Negative control, Group2 (G2) was oral administrated with L-carnitine for 21 days followed by intraperitoneal (IP) injection of LM (0.1 ml of 1.5×108 CFU/ml); and Group3 (G3) was injected with LM alone. Two weeks’ post-infection, when clinical signs of the listeriosis appeared, all animals were anesthetized for blood collection to assess oxidative stress biomarkers: Malondialdehyde (MDA) and Glutathione (GSH). Subsequently, animals were Euthanized, and internal organs (liver and brain) were harvested and preserved in 10% formalin for histopathological examination using hematoxylin and eosin staining.  Results of Biochemical analysis revealed a significant different (P<0.05) and elevation in MDA levels in G3 (554.00 ± 13.43) compared to G2 (247.33 ± 8.67) and G1 (229.96 ± 4.89) Conversely, GSH levels were significantly different (P<0.05) that revealed higher in G1 (33.37 ± 2.84), and markedly reduced in G2 (11.81 ± 0.6) and G3 (25.66 ± 1.56) 8). Histopathological findings in G2 showed Milder changes, indicating partial protection by L-carnitine while in G3 revealed severe liver damage, including granulomatous lesions, vacuolar degeneration, inflammatory infiltration, and vascular congestion. Similarly, in brain tissue of   G2 showed reduced neuronal injury, minimal inflammation, and better tissue preservation, demonstrating the neuroprotective role of L-carnitine while in   G3 exhibited perivascular cuffing, neuronal degeneration, microglial activation, and mild meningitis. In conclusion, the results showed that L carnitine act as anti-oxidant by reduce oxidative damage by (LM) infection, this results appeared by measure the levels of MDA and GSH in the serum of female albino mice and result of histological sections.

Abstract: This clinical study aimed to evaluate the effect of adding Flunixin meglumine to a total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) protocol involving ketamine, xylazine, and medetomidine in donkeys for castration.Ten healthy adult donkeys were randomly divided into two equal groups (n=5 each) and subjected to castration. Group A (Flunixin group) received Flunixin IV at 1.1 mg/kg one hour prior to anesthesia induction involving ketamine (2.2 mg/kg IV), xylazine (0.5 mg/kg IV), and medetomidine (0.1 µg/kg IV). TIVA maintenance was achieved via continuous IV infusion of saline supplemented with ketamine, xylazine, and medetomidine. Group B (Traditional group) received acepromazine as a sedative, followed by xylazine (1.1 mg/kg IV) and ketamine (2.2 mg/kg IV), with repeated doses for maintenance. Physiological and hematological parameters were monitored at baseline and at 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes post-induction. Flunixin addition led to remarkably stable respiratory and heart rates, a progressive drop in body temperature, and a moderate increase in blood sugar in Group A compared to Group B. Packed cell volume and hemoglobin values showed no significant differences between the two groups. Castration with preemptive Flunixin enhances anesthesia quality, provides better physiological stability, and reduces the need for repeated maintenance doses, benefiting both animal welfare and anesthetic efficacy in donkeys.

Abstract: Background: Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHCY) is a metabolic disorder characterized by elevated homocysteine ( HCY)levels and is considered a risk factor for several pathological conditions. Given the important role of female physiological and hormonal regulation in oxidative homeostasis, this study investigated selected oxidative and antioxidant biomarkers in female rats with experimentally induced HHCY. Twenty adult female rats were randomly divided into two groups (10/group): a control group and an HHCY group. HHCY was induced by oral administration of L-methionine (500 mg/kg/day) for 21 days. Serum samples were collected at the end of the experiment for biochemical analysis of malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and peroxynitrite (ONOO-). Results: HHCY significantly increased serum MDA and ONOO- levels (P < 0.0001) and significantly decreased GSH and SOD levels (P < 0.0001) compared with the control group.      In conclusion, Hyperhomocysteinemia alters redox balance by increasing oxidative and nitrosative stress while reducing antioxidant capacity in female rats.

Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different disinfectants, including iodine, quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) with glutaraldehyde, and Virkon administered through drinking water, on broiler chickens’ performance traits (body weight, weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio), bacterial count ( E. coli and Lactobacillus ), and sensory evaluation. A total of 120 one-day-old Ross 308 broiler chicks were randomly allocated into four groups: a control group and three treatment groups receiving iodine (1 mL/L), QAC (1mL/L), and Virkon (1 g/L) in drinking water over 35-day experimental period. Bacterial counts were determined using standard microbiological culturing methods.  The results demonstrated that disinfectant application significantly affected productive performance, microbial load, and sensory quality. The Virkon group consistently showed the best performance in terms of final body weight, weight gain, feed conversion efficiency, and sensory evaluation parameters compared with the other groups. In contrast, the QAC group showed the poorest growth performance and the highest cumulative FCR values. Both Virkon and QAC treatments were effective in reducing harmful bacteria ( E. coli counts) and improving intestinal microbial balance by increasing beneficial bacteria ( Lactobacillus counts).Overall, the findings indicate that appropriate use of disinfectants, particularly Virkon, can improve broiler health status, enhance biosecurity, reduce microbial contamination, and improve production efficiency and meat quality without compromising product safety. These results support the application of disinfectants as an effective strategy in poultry production systems.

Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of supplementing different levels of guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) to plant protein-based diets on the overall productive indicators of broiler chickens under cold conditions. A total of 180 one-day-old Ross 308 chicks were distributed in a completely randomized design into six dietary treatments, with three replicates per treatment and 10 birds per replicate. The treatments included an animal protein-based control diet (T1), a plant protein-based control diet (T2), three plant protein-based diets supplemented with GAA at 900, 1200, and 1500 mg kg⁻¹ feed (T3, T4, and T5, respectively), and a plant protein-based diet supplemented with taurine at 600 mg kg⁻¹ feed (T6). Following a common 14-day pre-starter phase, the experimental diets were introduced from day 15 to day 42 under chronic ambient cold stress (19–26.5°C). The results showed that 1200 mg kg⁻¹ feed (T4) was the most distinct GAA level in the overall growth indicators, as it was statistically comparable with the plant control and taurine treatments and significantly superior to the animal protein-based control. The 900 mg kg⁻¹ feed level (T3) showed a clearer position in the production index, whereas the 900 and 1200 mg kg⁻¹ feed levels were associated with the lowest significant mortality group. The 1500 mg kg⁻¹ feed level did not provide a clear productive response. Physiologically, these findings reveal that under cold duress, optimal GAA inclusion (1200 mg kg⁻¹) effectively counteracts the cold-induced thermoregulatory energy drain by bolstering the intracellular phosphocreatine-creatine shuttle to maintain cellular ATP homeostasis, thereby minimizing the diversion of net energy away from skeletal muscle deposition. Consequently, supplementing plant protein-based diets with 1200 mg kg⁻¹ feed GAA acts as a metabolic safeguard during winter rearing periods, providing a suitable nutritional option to support growth indicators, mitigate cold-induced mortality, and may help reduce dependence on animal protein sources when their quality or stability is variable.

Abstract: This work aimed to identify the biological agent, in the aqueous extract of soursop leaves ( Annona muricata ), to identifying oxidative stress induced by Allura red E129, using the latter as a model. For 30 days, rats were divided into four groups. Group 2 received two weekly orally administered of Allura red at a dose of 0.4 mg/kg body weight, unlike Group 1, which served as the control group. Group 3 received an aqueous extract of soursop leaves at a concentration of 400 mg/kg.Group 4 received an aqueous extract of soursop leaves at a concentration of 400 mg/kg daily, four hours before receiving Allura red E129. Results: The results of this study indicate that A. muricata is also effective in protecting against the pathogens associated with Allura red E129, as evidenced by the associated degenerative cell expression, congestion, glomerular shrinkage, and Bowman's absence. By decrease ALT, AST and ALP, a 400 mg/kg aqueous extract of A. muricata was observed to significantly reduce the effects of Allura red in rats. Furthermore, the extract demonstrated enhanced oxidative stress defense against toxicity from A. muricata L. golders, exhibiting antioxidant activity.

Abstract: Coccidiosis is an intestinal parasitic disease due to a parasite of the species Eimeria . The present study was carried out to investigate the prevalence of coccidiosis in local breeds of domestic chickens and poultry farms in Wasit region, Iraq. 240 fecal samples were randomly collected from individual backyard scavenging native chickens (n = 100) and commercial poultry farms (n=140) across Wasit province .sampling was conducted during the period from October to December 2025. The sampling sites included Kut, al-hay and al-Suwaira districts representing the central, southern (central) and northern regions of Wasit. Every fecal samples were tested using the flotation procedure involving sugar and salt solution. the overall infection rate was   73.3%  with a prevalence of  64% in backyard chicken and 80 % in  poultry farms, based on morphological characteristics of the oocysts  , there were six  species  identified , Eimeria tenell , Eimeria necatrix , Eimeria maxima, Eimeria mitis  , Eimeria acervulina and Eimeria brunetti   . Morphological characteristics were recorded. E. mitis had the highest infection rate (25%), whereas E. acervulina and E. brunetti had the lowest rates (12.5% each). The study concludes that Eimeria species are widely distributed among both backyard and poultry farms chickens in Wasit province. Furthermore, the result indicate that avian coccidiosis remains signification threat to the commercial    poultry population in Iraq this is the first general report about the infection status of Eimeria hens in Wasit, Iraq.