Abstract: In birds, the pancreas is crucial for both endocrine and digestive control. Understanding the avian pancreas' glandular makeup and functional secretion patterns is aided by histological characterization. The purpose of this study was to examine the histological architecture of the pancreas in Gallus gallus, with a focus on the identification of exocrine and endocrine components, glandular organization, and secretion types. Standard histology procedures were used for the collection and processing of pancreatic samples from five Gallus gallus domesticus. To examine cellular and glandular features under a microscope, tissues were fixed, embedded in paraffin, sectioned, and stained using histological dyes. A well-developed exocrine section made up of acinar cells with granular cytoplasm suggestive of serous discharge was seen upon histological inspection. the islets with different cellular distributions served as a representation of the endocrine component. Mixed glandular activity and distinct endocrine and exocrine area differentiation were noted in the study. The studied Gallus gallus species' pancreas exhibits a complicated histological architecture with two functioning components. These results serve as a guide for next comparative research and advance anatomical and physiological knowledge of hormone and digestion regulation.

Abstract: A total of 24 nematode specimens belonging to the family Raphidascarididae were collected from three ecologically and economically important marine fish species inhabiting Iraqi marine waters: Saurida macrolepis Tanaka, 1917, Nemipterus japonicus (Bloch, 1791), and Platycephalus indicus (Linnus, 1758). The present study aimed to assess the degree of genetic variability and to explore the possible evolutionary relationships among the sampled nematode populations. Phylogenetic analysis based on the Neighbor-Joining method revealed that the Raphidascarididae specimens were divided into four main clades, supported by bootstrap values ranging from 48% to 87%, indicating a largely independent evolutionary history with varying degrees of genetic relatedness among lineages. Nematodes isolated from S. macrolepis exhibited the highest level of genetic divergence, suggesting pronounced differentiation that may reflect lineage-specific adaptation to the host or differences in transmission pathways. In contrast, nematodes recovered from N. japonicus formed a tightly clustered genetic group, supporting the presence of a host-specific parasite population. Similarly, specimens from P. indicus showed clear ecological and genetic structuring, indicating substantial intraspecific variability within this host-associated parasite population. The occurrence of shared gene sequences among nematodes collected from different host species suggests the possibility of host-switching events, most plausibly facilitated by co-feeding behavior among sympatric fish hosts. Overall, the findings demonstrate that parasite ecology including feeding behavior, spatial distribution, and trophic interactions plays a critical role in shaping the genetic differentiation of Raphidascarididae nematodes. The study further supports the concept of long-term coevolution between these parasites and their marine fish hosts, providing valuable insights into the evolutionary history of marine nematodes and establishing a foundation for future investigations across diverse ecological settings.

Abstract: This study is carried out to investigate the protective role of decreased glutathione female rats' central nervous systems from harm brought on by D-galactose excess. Ten of the forty adult female rats, both weighting two hundred grams, had been separated among 4 distinct groups. The initial grouping(G1) received a control injection of normal slain intraperitoneal (IP) for 40 days, Within the latter category (G2), D-galactose was injected during an amount about one hundred milligrams per kilogram of B.W. on a daily basis IP in forty days; within the next group (G3), glutathione (GSH) was injected via the peritoneum (IP) for forty days at a daily dosage of 100 mg/kg B.W. every day to stay for forty days in addition, in the final group (G4), D- galactose and the antioxidant glutathione were combined (G4).  The research study was carried out at the laboratories of the College of Veterinary Medicine at the University of Karbala in Iraq. By analyzing fasting plasma samples taken by the heart puncture procedure at 40 forty-one days throughout the research, the composition of lipid profile (total cholesterol levels (TC), triglycerides, (TAG), and levels in the serum of high- density cholesterol from lipoprotein (HDL-C), extremely low-density cholesterol from lipoprotein (LDL-C), and exceptionally low density cholesterol from lipoprotein (VLDL C) have been determined. In comparison to the control and G3 groups, The findings showed a significant by p 0.05 raised serum pain in the second generation category and a considerable (p<0.01) elevation in plasma beta amyloid concentrations among the second phase and The fourth group categories. Serum cholesterol levels in the G2 category were significantly higher (p<0.05) than in the G1, G3, and G4 categories.     When comparing the G2 group to the G1, G3, and G4 groups, there was a substantial (p<0.05) rise in serum triglycerides. In contrast to the 1categories , 3categorie, and 4 categories classifications, the G2 group there was a substantial (p<0.01) drop in serum high-density lipoproteins and cholesterol. In contrast to the initial group, the third group, and G4 categories groups, the second group there was a significant (p<0.01). rise in serum low-density lipoproteins and cholesterol. A serum A significant difference (p<0.05) was seen between the second group and the Gone group. Group3, and G4  groups rise in very low-density lipoproteins and cholesterol.

Abstract: Despite the beneficial effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) on different biomedical applications, including their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory ones, it might have cytotoxic and genotoxic impacts on the male reproductive system. Although some researchers were using zinc oxide nanoparticles are beneficial to body organs due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, it has also been found to have a harmful effect on the male reproductive system.  Objective:  The current study aimed to revealed the effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles on male rats’ reproductive performance and histopathology changes for sexual organs for example testes.  Materials and Methods : a number of twenty healthy white male rats, aged approximately 7-9 weeks, were randomly divided into two groups and subjected to the following treatments. Group 1 (n=10), were treated with 0.5 ml of aseptic normal saline save as the control negative group. Group 2 (n=10): were Injected with (0.5ml) of ZnO-NPs 350 mg/kg b.w orally for 2 weeks. At day7 and day 21 post injection, rats were anesthetized and sacrificed for histopathological examination.  Results:  It was shown that ZnO-NPs have a harmful effect on the male reproductive system by distorted seminiferous tubules, severe desquamation and necrosis and absence of spermatocytes and most Sertoli cells Conclusion:  It can be concluded that zinc oxide nanoparticles, administered at 350 mg/kg, had the most harmful and toxic effect on male reproductive system.

Abstract: The effectiveness of aqueous extracts of thyme (Thymus vulgaris), clove (Syzygium aromaticum), and cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) against Candida  albicans isolated from cat oral cavities was assessed in vitro. The opportunistic yeast Candida albicans is frequently found in animals, such as dogs and cats, and infections brought on by this organism can be difficult to treat with traditional antifungal medications.Each plant's aqueous extracts were made at 0.5%, 1.5%, 3%, and 5% (v/v) concentrations and added to Sabouraud dextrose agar medium. Each medium was inoculated with a standardized C. albicans inoculum, and radial fungal growth was assessed following the incubation period.concentration-dependent way. When compared to the control group, all extracts showed partial suppression of fungal growth at lower concentrations (0.5% and 1.5%). There was a noticeable decrease in colony diameter when the concentration rose to 3% and 5%. Thymus vulgaris aqueous extract decreased the mean colony diameter from 80 mm in the control group to 42.67 ± 2.08 mm at the maximum concentration (5%). By contrast, the mean colony diameter was reduced to 24.00 ± 1.00 mm by the aqueous extract of Syzygium aromaticum and to 27.33 ± 2.08 mm by the extract of Cinnamomum zeylanicum.Syzygium aromaticum and Cinnamomum zeylanicum had the highest antifungal activity among the plant extracts that were examined, while Thymus vulgaris had the lowest but nevertheless noteworthy inhibitory effect. These results are in line with the antibacterial qualities of these medicinal plants that have been previously documented.The study's findings lend credence to the possibility of using aqueous plant extracts as substitute antifungal medications in veterinary care. To assess their therapeutic efficacy and safety in clinical settings, more in vivo research is advised.

Abstract: This study was conducted at Agricultural Research Center / Scientific Research Commission, from 1/7 to 12/8 2025 to investigate the Effects of dietary inclusion of Schanginia arbuscula powder at three levels (5, 10 and 15%) on growth performance, mortality and live enzyme in broiler chickens.In the present study, day-old broiler chicks were randomly allocated to four dietary treatments, with three replicates per treatment and 75 birds per replicate. The birds were reared in floor pens within a single hall under identical standard environmental and nutritional conditions, and feed and water were provided ad libitum throughout the experimental period. The evaluated parameters were recorded on a weekly basis. Three inclusion levels of Tartae plant powder ( Schanginia arbuscula ) were incorporated into the diet prior to pelleting as follows: 5% in T2, 10% in T3, and 15% in T4, while T1 remained without supplementation and served as the control treatment. A completely randomized design (CRD) was adopted in the present study to evaluate the effect of four dietary treatments. Statistical analysis of the measured parameters was performed using the SAS software package. The results demonstrated that treatment T2 was superior to T3, T4, and the control (T1) in terms of weekly body weight. Regarding body weight gain, T2 outperformed the other Schanginia arbuscula supplemented treatments; however, no significant difference was observed when compared to the control group. With respect to feed conversion efficiency, T2 exhibited the most favorable performance throughout the study period. In contrast, treatment T4 achieved the most favorable outcome in terms of mortality rate, recording the lowest percentage compared with the other treatments, whereas the control group (T1) exhibited the highest mortality. Treatment T4 also showed the most pronounced improvement in liver enzyme activity, as it recorded the lowest serum levels of AST and ALT, followed by T3 and then T2, while the control treatment displayed the highest activity of these enzymes. No statistically significant differences were observed among the treatments with respect to feed intake throughout the experimental periods. Conclusion: This study clearly demonstrates the positive effects of dietary supplementation with Schanginia arbuscula plant powder on productive performance. The inclusion of this plant powder in the diet significantly improved growth performance, reduced mortality rates, and enhanced liver enzyme activity, indicating its beneficial role in improving physiological and productive efficiency.

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to describe, comparison the histological structures and histochemical of the histological layers in the different parts of the duodenum, with observation of the reactions of cells and tissues using histochemical stains (PAS, AB-PAS and toluidine blue). The study was carried out on twelve samples of duodenum of each of squirrel and hamster. The duodenum divided into proximal part, middle part and distal parts. six specimens were taking from squirrel and six specimens from hamster. The duodenum is squirrel and hamster fixed in 10% formalin for 24 hours and treating by routine histological technique. The duodenum consists of four main tunicae that is mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa. The mucosa layer is consists of three secondary layers the first layer is epithelial lining layer, lamina propria, and end layer is muscularis mucosa. The epithelial covering comprises simple columnar epithelial tissue composed of the columnar cells and goblet cells. The lamina propria under epithelial layer that contains simple straight tubular glands called the intestinal glands or the crypt of Lieberkühn. The muscularis mucosa that end layer is composed of the a very thin, single layer of the smooth muscle fibers arranged circularly. The submucosa layer consists of the dense connective tissue, while the tunica muscularis appears composed from two layers of smooth muscle fibers. The tunica serosa consists from a loose connective tissue that is covered by a mesothelium.

Abstract: The present study evaluated the hepatoprotective action of Abutilon indicum aqueous extract on heat stress–induced liver damage in male Wistar albino rats. Heat stress causes oxidative stress, inflammation, and hepatocellular damage, ultimately leading to liver functional disturbance and necrosis. Twenty-four male rats were randomly assigned to 3 groups as follows (n = 8 per group): Group A, the control, was treated with normal saline (0.9% NaCl); Group B was exposed to heat stress for 3 h a day at 39-40°C for 30 days ; and Group C received heat exposure followed by oral administration of aqueous extracts of Abutilon indicum (100 mg/kg body weight) for one month. The results of this study revealed a significant decrease in biochemical parameters (Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and total bilirubin (BT) in Group C, compared to Group B. Additionally, the histological analysis identified severe hepatocyte necrosis, along with inflammation and hepatocellular degeneration in Group B, while Group C showed a significant positive effect on the biochemical parameters of the rats’ liver damage induced by heat stress. In conclusion, Abutilon indicum has hepatoprotective qualities and could be used as a natural remedy to lessen animal liver damage brought on by heat stress.

Abstract: This study was conducted in Twelve apiaries in Al-Diwaniyah Governorate from May 2024 - August 2025 to demonstrated the efficiency of natural extracts as safe alternatives to chemical pesticides in eliminating the Varroa mite parasitizing in honeybee hives . Eucalyptus oil was extracted using a Soxhlet device, and garlic extract was obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis and maceration. The compound 1,8-cineole was purified and analyzed using HPLC.The field study included twelves apiaries in Al-Diwaniyah Governorate, divided into four groups: three treatment groups (garlic 10%, eucalyptus 10%, cineole 2%) and one control group. The hives were sprayed three times over 10 days, and the therapeutic efficacy of the extracts in controlling Varroa mites was measured by counting the number of falling mites periodically. Garlic extract (10%) was the most effective treatment with high therapeutic efficiency, the percentage ranged between 97.0% - 97.2% compared to the control group . Eucalyptus extract at a concentration of 10% showed good efficacy, reaching 90.9%, but it remained second only to garlic. Cineole -1,8 at a concentration of 2% came in third place with a lower therapeutic efficiency of 84.7%, which may be attributed to its low concentration used in the study. Conclusions: This study showed that garlic extract (10%) was the most effective treatment and showed that these extracts do not cause any side effects to honeybees, and no abnormal mortality rates were observed in the treated hives. 

Abstract: The aim of this study to investigate the morphological and histological characteristics of the adrenal gland in the Eagle-owl (Bubo ascalaphus). Adrenal glands from seven specimens were collected, located dorsomedial near the kidneys. Morphologically, the gland was oval-shaped. It was a capsulated gland. Morphometric measurements showed similarities between the right and left glands; there was no noticeable difference between them in terms of weight, length, and width, and the proportionality was directly proportional to the bird's weight and size. Histologically, after performing the histological section and staining it with routine staining, we observed the three layers that make up the cortex (The zona Glomerulosa,  zona fasciculata, and zona reticulares). The three layers with no obvious tissue distinctions between these; we also performed histological measurements using the Imaging program to determine the thickness of each of the capsule, cortex, and medulla in the gland, and used the arithmetic mean to determine the final value. The result was that the cortex is one and a half times the size of the medulla due to its multiple layers and secretion.

Abstract: A large number of biomaterials are critical to contemporary veterinary surgery, offering new concepts in wound management for our pets to heal. New developments in a variety of materials, including metals, ceramics, polymers and natural materials, are discussed in the article together with their specific properties and medical applications as well as current challenges. Technologies like 3D-printed personalized implants and stem cell-based therapies have significantly improved on surgical precision and healing times for animals. But there are questions, including whether the materials can be safely handled and do not transmit diseases. Smart, custom biomaterials are in development, which may significantly improve the care we provide our pets.  Current benefits, drawbacks, and potential future development of veterinary biomaterials for animals related to improved surgical outcomes are comprised in this review on recent advances.

Abstract: Climate change poses a systemic threat to livestock production in Iraq, a sector essential for national food security, rural livelihoods, and economic stability. Rising temperatures, frequent heat waves, droughts, declining water resources in the Tigris–Euphrates basin, and increasing feed import dependency collectively threaten productivity. Empirical evidence indicates that each 1°C increase above thermal comfort thresholds reduces dairy milk yield Especially in semi-arid and arid areas as Iraq, climate change poses a major danger to agricultural infrastructures worldwide. Developing diseases, woodland loss, erratic weather patterns, and temperature increases all negatively affect livestock longevity, productivity, and agriculture profits. This study examines the relationship between climate variability and the production of animals in Iraq, examines significant obstacles, and recommends integrated strategies that promote the Sustainable Development Goals 1 (Zero Poverty), 13(Climate Action), and 15 (Life on Land). Research show that increasing resilience in cow rearing requires sustainable feed and water management, improved veterinarian care, ecologically friendly practices, and supportive laws and rules.

Abstract: Background: Helicobacter pylori is a widespread gastric pathogen associated with chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and gastric adenocarcinoma. The increasing antibiotic resistance and treatment failure with standard triple therapy necessitate the exploration of alternative or adjunctive therapeutic agents with immunomodulatory properties.the  objective of this study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of bovine lactoferrin (bLf) alone and in combination with standard triple therapy (TT) (Amoxicillin (AMX), Clarithromycin (CLR), and proton pump inhibitors PPIs) against H. pylori infection in a BALB/c mouse model, with assessment of bacterial clearance and suppression of virulence factor gene expression. The methods found sixty BALB/c mice were randomly divided into five groups (n=12/group). Groups 1-4 were infected intragastrically with H. pylori clinical isolate (1×10⁹ CFU/mL), while Group 5 served as uninfected negative control. One-week post-infection, two-week daily treatment was administered as follows: Group 1 (positive control, infected untreated), Group 2 (triple therapy alone), Group 3 (bovine lactoferrin alone, 100 mg/kg), Group 4 (triple therapy plus bovine lactoferrin), and Group 5 (negative control, PBS only). Gastric tissue samples were collected for bacterial colony counting and quantitative real-time PCR analysis of cagA and vacA virulence gene expression. The results found a bacterial load was significantly reduced in all treatment groups compared to positive control (P < 0.0001). The greatest reduction was observed in Group 4 (triple therapy plus bLf; 5.457 ± 0.024 log₁₀ CFU/mL), representing an 86.9% reduction compared to Group 1 (6.340 ± 0.015 log₁₀ CFU/mL). Gene expression analysis revealed significant suppression of cagA and vacA in treated groups, with maximal suppression in Group 4 (83.5% reduction for cagA; 79.0% reduction for vacA; P < 0.05). In conclusion the study found combination therapy comprising standard triple therapy and bovine lactoferrin demonstrated superior antibacterial efficacy and virulence gene suppression compared to either treatment alone. These findings suggest that bovine lactoferrin may serve as an effective adjunctive agent in H. pylori eradication therapy, potentially through both direct antimicrobial and immunomodulatory mechanisms.

Abstract: The present study aimed to investigate the effect of supplementing a mixture of multi-enzymes and a probiotic to a low-energy and low-protein diet of laying hens (Lohmann Brown) on selected productive performance parameters and egg quality traits. The experiment was conducted over three consecutive periods covering the age range from 46 to 54 weeks. A total of 80 laying hens were randomly allocated to four experimental treatments T1, control diet with standard energy and protein levels. T2, low-energy and low-protein diet without additives. T3, low-energy and low-protein diet supplemented with enzymes and T4, low-energy and low-protein diet supplemented with a probiotic. results indicated that T4 showed a significant improvement (P ≤ 0.05) in internal egg quality traits, particularly albumen index, Haugh unit , and yolk index, compared with T2 and the control treatment. Furthermore, the findings demonstrated that dietary supplementation played a significant role in maintaining productive performance stability and improving feed conversion efficiency despite the reduced nutrient density of the diet. In addition, a noticeable improvement was observed in oxidative indicators along with a reduction in yolk cholesterol levels. These results confirm the efficacy of this biological mixture as a strategic nutritional alternative for reducing feed costs without adversely affecting the qualitative and physiological standards of the final product.

Abstract: Moringa Oleifera , part of the Moringa ceae family, has numerous advantages in relation to therapeutic uses and is known for its nutrition value to humans and animals. This fast growing, drought resistant tree with a white/gray, rough (corky) bark and an umbrella shape, is also called a "super food", due to its high content of iron, calcium, potassium and vitamins A, C, E, along with polyphenols and a native base of digestible protein. The bioactive compound content of Moringa is primarily made up of phytochemicals including myricetin, phenolic compounds, phenolic acids, flavonoids, isothiocyanates, tannins, saponins, quercetin, zeatin and kaempferol. In addition, each component of the moringa plant, i.e., seed, roots, buds, leaves, flowers and bark, have various biological activities which could be utilized to cure many diseases. For example, the biological activity of the moringa plant contains anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, antihypertensive, anti-lipidemic, hepatic protective and neurological protective activities. This review will provide an overall view of the mechanism of action, the medicinal applications and the therapeutic quality of compounds that were isolated from Moringa Oleifera , while providing new perspectives for the future investigation and advancement.

Abstract: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most well-known and widespread disorder in women. The causes of PCOS are multiple and complex, resulting from interactions between diverse environmental and genetic factors. One of the treatments used for PCOS is clomiphene citrate. Clomiphene works by stimulating follicle development, follicle growth and multiplication. It is used to treat PCOS. Clomiphene treatment improves approximately 60-85% of ovulation cycles. This study aimed to determine the physiological and histological effects of clomiphene on female rats with induced polycystic ovary syndrome. This experiment was designed to study the histological and hormonal effects of clomiphene on induced PCOS in female rats. 40 female rats were randomly divided into four groups of 10 rats each and treated as follows: Group G1 (control group) was administered physiological saline for 58 days. Group G2: Administered 1% carboxymethyl cellulose for 28 days, followed by saline solution for 30 days. Group G3: Administered letrozole 1 mg/kg of body weight orally administered mixed with 1% carboxymethyl cellulose for 28 days to induce PCOS, followed by saline solution for 30 day. Group G4: Administered letrozole 1 mg/kg orally administered mixed with carboxymethyl cellulose for 28 days to induce PCOS, followed by clomiphene 100 mg/kg of body weight for 30 days.  In the result showed in G3 a significant decrease (P˂0.05) in activin, estrogen, FSH and Progesterone compared to G1and a significant increase (P˂0.05) in LH, testosterone and inhibin compared to G1. The results showed in G4 non-significant difference (P˃0.05) in activin, estrogen, testosterone, inhibin and FSH and also showed a significant decrease (P˂0.05) in LH and Progesterone compared to G1. the histological examination results for the fourth group of ovaries showed an improvement in the ovary tissue, We conclude from this that the clomiphene drug worked to restore hormonal balance and repair ovarian tissue when given to rats with polycystic ovary syndrome.

Abstract: This research focused on examining the anatomical and histological features of the Harderian gland in seven Striated Scops Owls. Seven different Birds models were utilized, with the birds being euthanized following established protocols. The Harderian gland was subsequently removed for anatomical and histological analysis. The anatomical observations indicated that the gland is situated behind the eyeball in the dorsomedial area and has one central excretory duct that connects to the lacrimal duct. Hematoxylin-eosin staining demonstrated the general architecture of the gland, whereas Masson's trichromatic stain illustrated the arrangement of collagen fibers and PAS-Alcian blue was utilized to identify the characteristics of the glandular secretions.    Histologically, the gland was observed to be encased in a fibrous capsule and made up of two primary lobes of different sizes: a smaller lobe and a larger lobe. The sizable lobe displayed thick glandular tissue with distinct intercellular connections partitioning it into smaller lobules. A significant density of collagen fibers was noted in the capsule encasing the gland, showcasing a blue hue, while the collagen concentration was reduced in the interstitial tissue, which appeared green. The findings from the small lobe exhibited a positive response with Alcian blue, showing blue coloration, the secretion was of the acidic mucopolysaccharides variety. The large lobe exhibited a mixed response; regions of acini reacted with Alcian blue and turned blue, whereas the gland's center showed a positive reaction with PAS and appeared pink, the presence of neutral mucopolysaccharides. Cells in the central areas also displayed a purple hue from the combination of blue and pink, suggesting that their secretions were of a hybrid nature (acidic and neutral). These findings suggest a distinct structural and functional verity between the two lobes of the horny gland in owls, highlighting a range in the characteristics of glandular secretions and their roles.

Abstract: objectives: This study was conducted at Agricultural Research Center / Scientific Research Commission, from May 1 to September 20, 2025 to evaluate the productive performance of four chicken strains under heat stress conditions The findings highlight the limited attention given to local chicken breeds in Iraq despite their potential importance. Materials and Methods:  The experiment included two commercial egg laying strains (ISA Brown and White Leghorn) and two local strains (Naked Neck and fully feathered local chickens). Birds were allocated into four treatments according to strain, with three replicates per treatment, and reared in floor pens. All birds were fed a standard layer diet and subjected to a 16-hour daily lighting program. Heat stress was imposed for 10 hours daily at 37°C.The evaluated traits included daily feed intake, egg production percentage, cumulative egg number, egg weight, egg mass, and feed conversion ratio (FCR). The results revealed significant differences among treatments. The Naked Neck chickens (T1) exhibited superior performance compared with the other treatments. This strain recorded the highest daily feed intake, egg production percentage, cumulative egg number, egg weight, egg mass, and the best feed conversion efficiency. In contrast, reductions in feed intake observed in the other treatments, particularly the fully feathered local strain (T4), were associated with poorer productive performance. The fully feathered local chickens recorded the lowest values for egg production, egg weight, egg mass, and feed conversion efficiency. The Naked Neck chicken, demonstrated a remarkable capacity to tolerate high ambient temperatures and maintain satisfactory productive performance under heat stress conditions. Conclusion: These results indicate that this local strain represents a valuable genetic resource that could contribute to improving poultry production under hot climate conditions.

Abstract: Objective:  To compare the clinical efficacy and safety of preemptive nefopam, a non-opioid analgesic, with tramadol, an opioid agonist, for managing post-operative pain in cats undergoing orthopedic surgery. Animals and Procedures:  Twenty-four adult male Himalayan cats were randomly assigned to three groups (n=8). A tibial defect was surgically induced to create a standardized pain model. The Control group received a xylazine-ketamine anesthetic protocol. The Tramadol group received preemptive tramadol (4 mg/kg, IM), and the Nefopam group received preemptive nefopam (2 mg/kg, IM), both administered 10 minutes before anesthesia. Post-operative analgesia was assessed via pain scores, and time to return to normal appetite and gait. Results:  Both preemptive groups demonstrated superior post-operative outcomes compared to the control group. Pain scores were significantly lower in the tramadol and nefopam groups, with complete resolution by day 5 versus day 6 in the control group. Time to return to appetite (171.87±2.97 min for tramadol, 175.62±5.03  min for nefopam) and gait (2.37±0.26 days for tramadol, 2.37±0.18 days for nefopam) was significantly faster than in the control group (247.37±5.62 min for appetite return  and 4.62±0.18 days for normal gait return, respectively).  No significant difference in analgesic efficacy was found between the nefopam and tramadol groups.  Hemodynamically , tramadol induced significant  bradycardia  (117.75±0.75 beat per minutes at time 110min ), whereas nefopam caused a significant increase in systolic blood pressure(149.75±5.06 after 30 min of administration of anesthetic mixture ). Critically, serum  creatinine  levels remained within normal physiological limits in all groups. Conclusions:  Preemptive nefopam was associated with post-operative analgesia similar to tramadol in cats undergoing painful orthopedic surgery. Due to its efficacy and no nephrotoxicity at the dose administered, nefopam could serve as a novel non-opioid painkiller that supports multimodal analgesic protocols in feline clinical practice.

Abstract: This review aims to summarize and evaluate recent findings on mycotoxin contamination of livestock feed, with a particular focus on its hepatotoxicity and immunosuppressive impacts. It is a comprehensive study that will help veterinarians, researchers, and agricultural stakeholders improve livestock health and feed safety. Fungal contamination of livestock feed ingredients poses a serious threat to public health and livestock productivity, as well as significant economic losses in the agricultural sector. Contamination of food crops with fungi and mycotoxins is common due to frequent contact with them, exacerbating critical health problems and leading to economic losses in the livestock sector itself, in addition to preventing the consumption of meat and dairy products due to the transfer of these toxins to humans. Commonly used feed ingredients, such as roughage, straw, corn, palm leaves, and vegetable waste, are often contaminated with aflatoxins, fumonisins, and ochratoxin A. The severity of these toxins in animals varies depending on the dose, duration of exposure, species, breed, diet, and nutritional status. In general, calves are more susceptible than older animals. These toxins are known to cause liver damage and suppress immune function, resulting in reduced feed intake, poor feed conversion, reduced weight gain, increased susceptibility to disease (due to impaired immunity), and reduced reproductive capacity. The main pathological consequences include liver damage, immunosuppression, and reduced production efficiency. Clinical indicators, including elevated liver enzyme levels and decreased immune cell counts, provide a deeper understanding of the risks associated with chronic exposure. Finally, improved agricultural practices, periodic feed testing, and veterinary interventions tailored to the specific environmental and agricultural conditions of this condition are integrated pest control strategies.

Abstract: The study has been conducted to evaluated the efficacy the blend of organic and essential oil in commercial preparation Keprofix® Oral in dogs. Ten male dogs have been divided in two group; group(A) treated with Keprofix® Oral while group (B) given distal water only. Blood samples were collected from both groups every two weeks until the 12th week these samples have been used to study blood and serum biochemical analysis which have been reveled significant differences in the values of (RBCs count, hemoglobin, PCV, total leukocytes count, neutrophils. lymphocyte, total protein, Albumen, plasma fibrinogen, ALT and serum globulin) at P≤5. Respectively. after 12th week the challenge dose 1×108 CFU of bacteria (E.coli) was given orally to both groups and recorded the clinical signs after that sacrifice the animals and study the histopathological change in liver, spleen and intestine which showed characteristic features represented by increased the length and width of intestinal villi in treated animals with Keprofix® Oral in contrast to non-treated animals also same changes reveled in liver and spleen represented with infiltration of neutrophils in liver parenchyma with lymphocytic hyperplasia in spleen for treated animals with Keprofix® Oral