Kerbala Journal of Veterinary Medical Sciences
Karbala Journal of Veterinary Medical Sciences (KJVMS) is a distinguished peer-reviewed, open-access journal dedicated to the advancement of veterinary sciences. Established to serve as a comprehensive platform for the dissemination of innovative research, KJVMS publishes original articles, reviews, case studies, and short communications that address key issues in veterinary medicine. The journal covers a broad spectrum of topics, including but not limited to animal health, veterinary diagnostics, clinical practices, epidemiology, pharmacology, and public health as related to veterinary sciences. KJVMS is committed to maintaining high standards of scientific rigor and integrity. Each submission undergoes a thorough peer-review process, ensuring that published work meets the highest quality standards. By offering free and open access to its content, the journal promotes the global exchange of knowledge and supports the continued professional development of researchers, practitioners, and students in the veterinary field. The journal’s editorial board comprises leading experts from various specialties within veterinary science, ensuring that the content is both relevant and cutting-edge. KJVMS is indexed in major databases, enhancing its visibility and accessibility to a worldwide audience. Through its dedication to publishing impactful research, KJVMS contributes to the advancement of veterinary medicine and plays a vital role in improving animal health and welfare globally.
University of Kerbala/ College of Veterinary Medicine
Role of Artificial Intelligence in Advancing Veterinary Medicine
Through improved diagnosis, real-time monitoring, and predictive modeling, artificial intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing contemporary veterinary services. In order to improve clinical decision-making, facilitate illness diagnosis and maximize animal health outcomes, this assessment focuses on the use of AI technology in veterinary settings. The veterinary field is set to experience a radical change in how it approaches treatment, monitoring, and research as machine learning and big data integration advance.
Artificial Intelligence, Veterinary Medicine, AI Technologies
Copyright (c) 2025 Kerbala Journal of Veterinary Medical Sciences
Histopathological effects of Bacterial and Fungal Species on some organs in female Rats (Rattus rattus)
A laboratory study was conducted to evaluate the histological effects of vaginal infections caused by different types of bacteria and fungi using female rats. The rats were divided into four main groups: a control group (uninfected), two groups infected with Staphylococcus aureus and Enterobacter cloacae, and a fourth group infected with the fungus Candida albicans. Histological sections taken from the vagina and uterus after injecting 0.1 ml of each microbial suspension into the vaginal canal of the rats showed histological changes characterized by congested capillaries and infiltration of neutrophils and lymphocytes in the submucosal areas. This leads to mild focal vaginitis, endometritis, moderate neutrophilic infiltration, and congested blood vessels in the ovarian cortex. Blood analyses from the experimentally infected rats showed some abnormalities resulting from the dynamics of infection and immune responses. Bacterial infections stimulated a neutrophilic and monocytic response accompanied by a compensatory increase in platelet count, while fungal infections led to disruption in hematopoiesis (myelopoiesis) and exacerbated general cytopenia. The type of infection is a decisive factor in determining hematological patterns.
Bacterial vaginosis, Candida albicans, Enterobacter cloacae, Staphylococcus aureus.
Effect of Curcumin on Sperm Parameters in Alloxan Induced Diabetes in Mice
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder that negatively affects different body organs. Induced type2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) lead to hyperglycemia that if chronic might affects spermatogenesis and nuclear content of sperm in male mice. In the current study, diabetes was induced in male albino mice by single i.p. injection of Alloxan (120 mg/kg). For controlling diabetes, metformin (200mg/kg/day) and or curcumin (100mg/kg/ day) were administered orally for 35 days. Male mice (n=40) were divided equally into five groups. Control, Induced Diabetes mellitus (DM), Diabetic treated with curcumin (DM+C), Diabetic treated with metformin (DM+M), Diabetic treated with curcumin and metformin (DM+CM). The results of the current study showed that curcumin and metformin reduce blood glucose level in diabetic mice (p<0.001). Also, metformin alone or in combination with curcumin reduce the rate of abnormalities and DNA damage of sperms at the end of the experiment (p<0.05). In conclusion, curcumin with metformin has beneficial effect in reducing abnormalities and DNA fragmentation of sperm. Further study to investigate the effect of curcumin and metformin on post fertilization outcome in diabetic mice is suggested
Diabetes, Curcumin, Metformin, Sperm, Mice
Diabetes Mellitus in Dogs and Cats: Etiology, Diagnosis and Treatment Approaches
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a long-term illness that impacts both individuals and animals, particularly cats and dogs. Hyperglycemia and glycosuria are examples of clinical symptoms, and their persistence is documented for diagnosis. Important stages in the successful controlling diabetic mellitus include ensuring that the owners of cats or dogs are able to deliver insulin, identifying the clinical symptoms of deficiency control diabetes, and keeping an eye on blood sugar levels. Insulin resistance and obesity in dogs can be successfully handled by combining a varied diet also twice-daily insulin administration. The initial course of treatment for cats involves switching to a low-carb diet and receiving an insulin injection twice a day. In cats, remission can exceed 90%, however in dogs, the condition is typically lifelong unless a bias issue is secondary. The purpose of the study is to describe the pathophysiology, etiology, and feasible classification of impulsive diabetes mellitus in pets and emphasize cutting-edge studies carried out in this area
Diabetes mellitus, pet animals, cats, dogs
Experimental Evaluation of Immunological Response for Flagellin Extractions from Various Pathogenic Bacteria in Rat Models
Flagellin, the bacterial flagella structural protein, is one of the important pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP) detected by Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5), which stimulates innate immunity. The aim of this study was to examine the immunological and histopathological impacts of flagellin purified from nine pathogenic bacterial species on rat models. The successful purification of flagellin was confirmed by SDS-PAGE analysis with molecular weights between 35–45 kDa. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) revealed high strain-dependent variation in TLR5 levels, with Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas fluorescens , and Pseudocitrobacter faecalis evoking peak responses at day 7 postinjection, suggesting vigorous immune activation. While, Serratia marcescens and Salmonella enterica, produced lower TLR5 levels that can be suggestive of immune tolerance or receptor down regulation. Histopathology of mesenteric lymph nodes demonstrated variable inflammation patterns, including necrotizing lymphadenitis, granulomatous inflammation, and reactive hyperplasia, in accordance with the immunogenicity of each flagellin variant. Worth noting, environmental isolates such as Pseudomonas rhizosphaerae induced milder tissue reactions, reflecting lower pathogenicity. These results indicate the effect of flagellin origin on tissue pathology and host immunity dynamics. The research sets the therapeutic potential of selected flagellins as drugs for immunotherapy, and furthering our understanding of host-pathogen interaction. Further structural and functional investigations are required to identify the mechanisms behind these differential effects. Conclusion: The integration of TRL5 immune response profiles and histopathological findings provides valuable information regarding the immunogenicity and tissue-specific pathogenicity of the nine bacterial strains that were studied. The ELISA analysis revealed that Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Pseudocitrobacter faecalis elicited the most intense TRL5 response, with levels increasing significantly by day 7 (4.98, 4.77, and 4.82 ng/mL, respectively). These pathogens also induced histopathological manifestations of acute immune activation: E. coli and P. fluorescens evoked necrotizing inflammation with lymphoid hyperplasia and vascular damage, while P. faecalis compared lymphoid depletion to focal hyperplasia, suggesting an ineffective but dysregulated immune activation. In contrast, Salmonella enterica and Serratia marcescens were manifested decreaseing TRL5 levels over time (3.56 and 3.74 ng/mL on day 7), as they had histopathological profiles marked by lymphoid depletion and extensive necrosis. This inhibition/inverse relationship with tissue damage indicates potential mechanisms of immune evasion, such as toxin-induced lymphocyte apoptosis or blocking of TLR5 signaling pathways. Strains like Burkholderia metallica and Bacillus cereus elicited modest TRL5 increases (4.32 and 4.26 ng/mL) reflecting their pyogranulomatous inflammation and toxin-mediated stromal remodeling, respectively. The control group's stable TRL5 levels (3.75–3.86 ng/mL) and absence of histopathological changes highlight the specificity of the reaction. Curiously, Bacillus rhizoplanae and Pseudomonas rhizosphaerae caused compartmentalized inflammation and vascular enlargement with minimal noticeable lymphoid depletion, mirroring their intermediate TRL5 levels (4.54 and 4.59 ng/mL).
Falgellin, Toll like receptors, Histopathology, ELISA, Immunology
The Histopathological study of Oxidative Stress by H2O2 on hepatic and renal tissues of female mice
The aim of this study was to determine the histopathological study of oxidative stress by H2O2 on hepatic and renal tissues of female mice. Liver histological section for a control positive group animal showed moderate to severe central vein congestion loss of regular arrangements of hepatic cords with hepatocytes vacuolation .Whereas, renal histological section revealed atrophy of glomeruli with severe interstitial congestion and tubular epithelia necrosis. Furthermore, liver histological section for a Fadrozole treated group animal revealing the mild to moderate portal vascular congestion, with mild hepatocytes vacuolation and mild inflammatory cells infiltration in portal area; whereas, kidney histological section for this group animal revealed the characteristic close to normal glomeruli, with intact renal tubules epithelia, but characteristic close to normal glomeruli , with intact renal tubules epithelia with significant brush borders. Whereas, liver histological section for a PLGA loaded Fadrozole treated group animal revealed the slight vascular congestion ,with mild hepatocytes swelling; but kidney histological section for this group animal showed the normal glomeruli , with degenerative renal. Obtained data and review of literature suggested that H2O2 and estrogen preparations could be responsible for toxic damage of mice liver and kidney, described as fatty change, vascular disorders, hepatic, and focal nodular hyperplasia., tubules epithelia. the normal glomeruli with degenerative renal tubules epithelia. This study concluded that PLGA loaded Fadrozole had the ability in ameliorating harmful oxidative stress
Histopathological, oxidative stress, H2O2 , hepatic, renal, mice.
Prevalence of Yersinia enterocolitica in raw milk, eggs, Calf and chicken meat in Karbala province
Yersinia enterocolitica is a foodborne pathogen of significant public health concern, this study was conducted to detect the prevalence of Yersinia enterocolitica in raw milk, shell eggs, beef, and chicken meat .200 samples have been collected from local markets in Karbala province to isolation and identification of Yersinia enterociolitica . Two methods were used to detect the bacteria: bacterial culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Initial isolation of Y. enterocolitica was performed using Cefsulodin-Irgasan-Novobiocin (CIN) agar medium following enrichment in Peptone Sorbitol Bile Broth. Suspected colonies were confirmed through biochemical tests and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the 16S rRNA gene. The results of our study have been reveled foodborne pathogen in commonly consumed food products within the Kerbala Provance . A comparison of the accuracy and sensitivity of the two methods was conducted by calculating sensitivity and specificity. Results Out of the 200g of tested samples, bacterial growth was observed in (17.5%), with varying prevalence across food types. Raw milk showed the highest contamination rate 34%, while eggs had the lowest prevalence of contamination rate 2%, on the other hand, High sensitivity (88.57%) and specificity (98.18%) were demonstrated by the PCR test when compared to the gold standard culture method and In conclusion: Yersinia enterocolitica was successfully isolated from food samples in Kerbala Province, highlighting the need for improved food safety measures and The PCR test was found to have high sensitivity (88.57%) and specificity (98.18%) against culture confirmation
Yersinia enterocolitica , Polymerase chain reaction, Ultraviolet radiation
Genetic Variation of Myostatin Gene and Its Relationship with Carcass Parameters and Body Measurements in Local Iraqi Sheep
myostatin (MSTN) gene's genetic relationships in local Iraqi sheep were the main focus of this investgation. 50 samples were collected. Information on dimensions of the body, live weight before slaughter, carcass weight for each animal. 2 milliliters of blood was drawn using a sterile syringe for DNA extraction. The HaeIII restriction enzyme was used to amplify and digest target fragment of MSTN gene, located in exon 3 with size 337 base pairs. To identify genotypes and allele frequencies, the PCR-RFLP technique was employed. According to the results there are two genotypes for the MSTN gene: mm-Mm, with the mm genotype representing 86% of the population, and 14% for the Mm genotype. A frequency of m allele was 0.931, while it was 0.069 for the M allele. With a highly significant difference (P ≤ 0.01) to chi-square (χ²) value of 22.349, suggesting that natural selection, genetic drift, or other evolutionary factors may be influencing allele distribution. Phenotypic analysis revealed no statistically significant differences in live body weight before slaughter or carcass weight between the genotypes. However, A significant difference P ≤ 0.05 was noticed in the weight of viscera, with the mean of mm genotype being 1.400 kg and the mean of the Mm genotype being 1.058 kg. No significant differences were noticed between genotypes with regard to body length, height at withers, height at the rump, chest circumference, or abdominal circumference.
Myostatin gene (MSTN), Genetic polymorphism, Local Iraqi sheep, PCR-RFLP, Body measurement.
Influence of Olive Leaves Extract as a Disinfectant for Hatching Eggs on Eggshell Contamination, Hatching Performance and Post-Hatch Productive and Immune Indices in Chickens
Abstract Several published reports have demonstrated the problems associated with the use of formaldehyde as a disinfectant for incubated eggs. Therefore, the target of this experiment was to explore the efficient power of olive leaves (OL) as a safe alternative disinfectant to formaldehyde on the bacterial contamination of fertile eggs, hatching parameters, and productive and immune indices of hatchlings up to 35 days. A total of 288 eggs were used and distributed equally into four treatment groups, three replicates each, as follows: treatment 1 (T1) was a control, treatment 2 (T2) was eggs disinfected with methyl alcohol, while treatments3 (T3) and 4 (T4) were including eggs disinfected with aqueous and alcoholic extracts of OL, respectively. Compared with T1, the results exhibited that T4 reduced bacterial contamination of eggshells and shortened incubation and hatching times. All groups did not differ significantly among them in terms of hatchability, chick physical characteristics and deformed chicks, total moisture loss from fertile eggs. T4 achieved superiority in dressing percentage and decreased mortality at post-hatch while T2 and T3 consumed less feed intake. Moreover, T3 and T4 activated antibodies titers against Newcastle and Gumboro diseases respectively in blood serum of chicks compared to T1 . Therefore, the extract of OL, particularly the alcoholic extract, appears to be an effective natural disinfectant for hatching eggs and may serve as a substitute for formaldehyde fumigation.
olive leaves; hatching, contamination, disinfection; fertile eggs
Comparative Meta-Analysis of molecular and serological diagnostic methods for bacterial infections
Accurate and timely diagnosis of bacterial infections is essential for effective treatment and disease control. Molecular and serological diagnostic methods are widely used, but their comparative performance across various bacterial infections remains unclear. Objective: To systematically compare the diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and clinical utility of molecular versus serological methods for bacterial infections through a meta-analysis. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted across multiple databases to identify studies evaluating molecular (e.g., PCR, NGS) and serological (e.g., ELISA, agglutination) diagnostic techniques. Data on sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic odds ratios were extracted and pooled using a bivariate random-effects model. Subgroup analyses were performed by infection type and sample source. Results: Thirty-five studies were included. Molecular methods demonstrated higher pooled sensitivity (89%; 95% CI: 85–92) and specificity (95%; 92–97) compared to serological methods (sensitivity 78%; 72–83, specificity 89%; 85–92). Molecular diagnostics showed superior performance in early infection detection and antimicrobial resistance identification. Serological tests provided valuable information on immune status and infection history but had limitations in early diagnosis. Conclusions: Molecular diagnostic methods outperform serological assays in sensitivity and specificity for bacterial infection detection, particularly in early stages. However, serological tests remain important for assessing host immune response. Integrated use of both methods tailored to clinical context optimizes diagnostic accuracy and patient management.
Bacterial infections, molecular diagnostics, serology, PCR, ELISA, meta-analysis, diagnostic accuracy.
Detection of Klebsiella Pneumoniae in Milk and Milk Products of Karbala Province and Susceptibility of Antibiotics
The overall prevalence of Klebsiella pneumoniae, a critical zoonotic pathogen, within global dairy herds, with a potential risk of cross-species transmission between humans and cattle as a food-borne infection, remains to be clarified. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae ) in raw milk, cheese, butter, yoghurt, and cream collected from various local markets in Karbala, Iraq. A total of 375 random samples were examined, including products from City Center, Al-Hur, Al-Hindyia, Al-Hassainya, and Ain Al-Tamer. Samples were cultivated on MacConkey agar and CHROMagar Enterobacteria selective medium to isolate and identify K. pneumoniae. Confirmation was achieved through biochemical tests and the Vitek system. The results revealed a high contamination rate of Klebsiella pneumoniae in cheese (45.33%), followed closely by raw milk (42.67 %), and yoghurt exhibited the lowest contamination rate at (8 %). A test for antibiotic sensitivity was conducted to a number of isolates by using disc diffusion method against six antimicrobial agents ( Penicillin G, Amikacin, amoxicillin , Ciprofloxacin , Tetracycline , and ampicillin/cloxacillin) , using Mueller Hinton agar (MHA) plates. Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates exhibited multiple resistance against 4 or more of different antibiotics. These findings highlight significant microbiological safety concerns regarding dairy products in the region, indicating an urgent need for improved hygiene practices in dairy processing and handling to safeguard public health.
Klebsiella pneumoniae, Milk, Food-borne infections, Antimicrobial resistance
Identifying the different genetic Species of cutaneous leishmaniasis for animal breeders in Wasit Governorate
To diagnose the leishmania species prevalent in some regions of the central Iraq Regions of central Iraq for animal breeders, the molecular method (PCR) was used to identify two Species of disease-causing Leishmania parasites. generally, the study showed a 750-base-pair band was associated with 39 patients at a rate (17.3%) Leishmania tropica species., while A 560-base-pair band was recorded in 186 patients at a rate (82.6%) associated with Leishmania major, were infected with Leishmania major type in 9 Regions of for animal breeder in central Iraq. For specific studying samples in Wasit Region, the number of infected samples reached 125 samples for the years 2022-2024, divided into two parts of sample collection. However, the actual infections in the first period from October 2022 to September 2023 reached 73 infections, and the rate of infection in males for animal breeders was higher than in females (47) 64.4%, (26) 35.6%. respectively, while the results were in the second part for proud October 2023 to September 2024 (52) infections distribution by gender, male, female, "28 (53.8%), 24(46.1%) “respectively. During the study period 2022-2024, at a rate of (58.4%) and (41.6%) respectively, in various populated areas in Wasit Region, where (51) cases were recorded at a rate of (40.8%) in Al-Hay District, the highest infection rate, and the lowest infection rate was in the center of Kut city, 5 cases (4%). The results also showed that the incidence of the Species of leishmaniasis infection of Leishmania tropica was less prevalent at 24.8%, divided into 17.6% for males and 7.2% for females for animal breeder, compared with Leishmania major at a rate (75.2 %) The gender ratio is 44%, 31.2% for males and females, respectively for animal breeder. Therefore, this research can be used to determine the species of parasite causing the disease for animal breeders, to reduce the risk and control the disease by preparing the vaccine.
polymerase chain reaction, Leishmania parasites, cutaneous and Wasit governorate
Acidosis Induction in Dogs: Impact on Key Hematological and Biochemical Blood Markers
metabolic acidosis is one of the most, common acid-base abnormalities come across in veterinary medicine, in animals, our study investigated the effects of acidosis on blood gases and electrolytes in local dog by histochemical methods. Local dogs were divided into four groups: a control group and three experimental groups treated with hydrochloric acid (75 mmol), HCL (150 mmol) and HCL (300 mmol) respectively. Treatment duration was set for 15 days, with blood samples collected for analysis. Evaluations showed significant changes in the blood test of arterial blood test ABG (hco3, paco2) and in the electrolytes value (cl,ca) , increase lactic acid levels and elevated liver enzymes Aspartate Transaminase (AST) , Alanine transaminase (ALT) with rising of serum levels of urea and creatinine, indicating cellular damage.
metabolic acidosis , ABG , creatinine ,urea , AST , ALT
A review Anatomical and Histological Study of the Adrenal Gland in Domestic Animals
By secreting hormones such as steroids and catecholamines, the adrenal gland contributes to the neuroendocrine system, which influences physiological equilibrium. In order to detect inter-dysfunction and adaptive morphological features, this investigation offers a more comprehensive physical and histological analysis of the adrenal glands of certain varieties of wild animals, including non-vegetarian, vegetarian, and ubiquitous species. It was discovered that the shape of the adrenal glands varied greatly between species, indicating metabolic and ecological adaptations. Anatomically, In wild animals, the adrenal glands are small, paired organs that are frequently oval or elongated. They are situated close to the kidneys' cranial pole. Species differences in size, shape, and location reflect ecological adaptations. Each of their two parts—the inner medulla and the outer cortex—has a unique structure and function. Histologically, all of the species under investigation displayed the typical zonation pattern of the adrenal cortex, which consists of the zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, and zona reticularis, encircling a central medulla. However, these zones' relative thicknesses changed according to the species' physiological requirements. Carnivorous species, for instance, had more developed zona fasciculata, which is a clear adaptation for their increased need for glucocorticoid production. Because different species may react differently to stress, the density of chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla varies. Our comparative analysis contributes to the understanding of adrenal gland biology in wildlife and provides valuable baseline data for evolutionary biology, veterinary endocrinology, and wildlife conservation. The complexity and diversity of adrenal gland structures across wild taxa are highlighted in this study, along with their evolutionary and ecological significance.
Anatomical, Histological, adrenal, Domestic animals
Histological study of proventriculus and spleen of broiler due to adding of guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) meal
This investigation at hand was conducted to evaluate histological changes of proventriculus and spleen of broiler that fed a vegetable diet contains 10% guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) meal powder. 60 birds (Ross 308 strain) used were assigned into two groups with thirty chicks, fed on vegetable diet contain protein, the first group fed on diet contain 0% of guar meal powder as a control group (G1), and the second group (G2) fed diet contain 10% of guar meal till the end of the experiment, so the current study revealed that the guar meal was effective on digestion process in proventriculus led to histological effective on the proventriculus which a statistically significant increase P≤0.05 was observed in the diameter of proventricular glands, along with a similar significant increase P≤0.05 in diameter of the lumen of the proventricular glands, while there was no significant difference in the diameter of white pulp of the spleen.
proventriculus, spleen, broiler, guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba).
A Review About Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Pathology, Enhancing Tissue Slide Analysis
The use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in medical pathology is revolutionizing disease diagnosis, especially through the analysis of digital histological slides. Traditional slide examination, while effective, is time-consuming and subject to variability. AI, powered by deep learning and computer vision, enhances diagnostic accuracy, efficiency, and consistency. AI has demonstrated high accuracy in identifying cancer and other abnormalities, with models like "Chief" achieving up to 94% accuracy. It also enables quantitative histomorphometry, helping pathologists assess tissue features with precision. Moreover, AI can integrate histopathological data with genomic insights, potentially identifying treatment options without the need for costly genetic testing. Automation of routine tasks by AI streamlines workflows, while explainable AI tools like HIPPO ensure transparency in AI decision-making. However, challenges remain, including data quality, computational demands, and the need for regulatory oversight. Advancements like PathProfiler improve the diagnostic usability of digital slides, and large-scale models such as Virchow are pushing the boundaries of cancer detection using massive datasets. Overall, AI is becoming an indispensable tool in pathology, driving progress toward more personalized and effective healthcare.
Pathology, Digital Histological Analysis, Artificial Intelligence.
In Vitro Scolicidal Potential of Citrus bergamia Essential Oil Against Echinococcus granulosus Compared to Albendazole
Abstract— Cystic echinococcosis, caused by Echinococcus granulosus, poses significant health and economic challenges globally due to limited treatment options, including recurrence, drug resistance, and toxicity. This study evaluates the in vitro scolicidal potential of Citrus bergamia (bergamot) essential oil against E. granulosus protoscoleces compared to albendazole and a DMSO control. Hydatid cysts were collected from infected sheep livers in Karbala, Iraq, and protoscoleces were exposed to four concentrations (1,250, 2,500, 5,000, and 10,000 ppm) of each treatment. Viability was assessed using eosin staining over 1–116 hours. Bergamot oil at 10,000 ppm achieved 100% protoscolex mortality within 1 hour, compared to 36 hours for albendazole at the same concentration. Lower concentrations showed comparable efficacy by 48 hours. One-way ANOVA revealed significant differences (p<0.05). Bergamot oil’s rapid action positions it as a promising natural alternative for cystic echinococcosis treatment, though in vivo studies are needed to confirm its efficacy and safety..
Citrus bergamia, Echinococcus granulosus, protoscoleces, bergamot essential oil, albendazole, protoscolicidal activity, in vitro.
A review about: Histological of Liver of Sand Partridge (Ammo Perdix griseiguleris)
Ten birds (Sand Partridge) strain used to investigate the histological features of the liver in Sand Partridge (Ammo Perdix griseiguleris). The histological picture of Sand Partridge liver showed that it surrounded by a thin fibrous capsule and not well subdivided to lobules. The parenchyma consisted from hepatocyte which formed the hepatic cords and organized around central vein in radially manner while the portal triad had portal vein, hepatic artery and bile duct, on the otherhand the sinusoids situated between the hepatic cords.
Liver, Sand Partridge (Ammo Perdix griseiguleris), Histology
A review about: Anatomical and histological studies of Rabbit's kidney
The present study was conducted to focusing the light on the anatomical and histological picture of the kidney of the rabbit, for this purpose the report recorded that the anatomical findings which was the kidney large relatively firm, retroperitoneal, reddish brown in color and unilobular with bean-shaped surrounded by a tough fibrous capsule with abundant amount of per-renal fat tissue. The right kidney was between the 11th and 12th intercostal space and the second lumbar vertebrae while left kidney localized between the 2nd and 4th lumbar vertebrae. The right and the left renal arteries supply kidneys of the rabbit that originated from the related side of the abdominal aorta, they were entering the hilus of the kidney. Histologically were reported that the kidney of rabbit surrounded by a thin fibrous capsule and consists of darker, granular and highly vascular outer cortex which had the renal corpuscles and inner medulla which was slightly thick and less vascular that had the tubules of the nephrons . The functional unit of the kidney called nephron and each nephron consists of renal corpuscle, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Helene, distal convoluted tubule, collecting tubule and collecting duct. The sections extend from the capsule to the medulla showing variations in distribution of renal corpuscles, otherwise the straight tubules of the nephrons and the collecting ducts continue from the cortex into the medulla.
Molecular detection and genotyping of chlamydia psittaci in domestic pigeons and human contacts in baghdad city
Chlamydia psittaci, the causative agent of avian chlamydiosis, is a well-recognized zoonotic pathogen with pigeons (Columba livia domestica) serving as a primary natural reservoir. Despite its significance, C. psittaci remains a neglected public health threat in many regions, including Iraq. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and molecular characterization of C. psittaci in oropharyngeal samples from domestic pigeons and nasal swabs from their human handlers in Baghdad, Iraq, using a combination of rapid antigen testing and conventional PCR techniques. From October 2023 to April 2024, a total of 150 pigeon oropharyngeal swabs and 20 nasal swabs from pigeon breeders were collected. Initial screening for the C. psittaci major outer membrane protein (MOMP) antigen using a rapid diagnostic cassette test revealed a 40% positivity rate (60/150) among the pigeon samples. These positive samples were subsequently inoculated into embryonated chicken eggs for pathogen propagation. DNA extracted from the cultured material was subjected to PCR amplification targeting the 16S rRNA and ompA genes specific to C. psittaci. PCR analysis confirmed C. psittaci DNA in 8.3% (5/60) of the antigen-positive pigeon samples and in 5% (1/20) of the human samples. Furthermore, all six PCR-positive samples harbored antibiotic resistance-associated genes, including rpID (azithromycin resistance) and rpIV (spectinomycin resistance), indicating 100% resistance gene detection. Phylogenetic analysis of the ompA gene sequences revealed that all avian isolates belonged to genotype B. To our knowledge, this study represents the first molecular detection and genotypic characterization of C. psittaci in Iraq. These findings highlight the zoonotic risk posed by domestic pigeons and underscore the urgent need for targeted surveillance, public education, and biosecurity measures to mitigate the risk of pigeon-to-human transmission of chlamydial pathogens in urban environments.
Chlamydia psittaci; domestic pigeons; zoonosis; PCR; Iraq; ompA gene; antibiotic resistance; genotype B; phylogenetic analysis
Application of conventional and molecular methods in the diagnosis of Brucella melitensis in ewes and cows from Karbala and Babylon Provinces
Brucellosis is one of the zoonotic bacterial disease that poses a threat to public health. It is transmitted to humans through the consumption of unpasteurized milk and dairy products. This study aims to detect the presence of Brucella bacteria in the samples of milk and by products (yogurt and cheese) taken from cows and ewes in Karbala and Babylon governorates. This study used specialized culture media and gene sequencing technology to extreme precision to identify bacterial species and biochemical tests for first diagnosis. The study started from October /2024 until April/2025 , 300 samples of milk and milk products (yogurt and cheese) were collected from cows and ewes The results showed varying in rates of infection between the two governorates, with the highest infection rate recorded in the Babylon governorate compared to Karbala. Gene sequencing results also proved that all positive isolates were of the Brucella melitensis species, that most common cause of infection in humans. This study confirms as the real risk of disease transmission through the consumption of unpasteurized local dairy products, highlighting the importance of health monitoring and early diagnosis to limit the spread of the infection
Brucella melitensis ,gene sequencing , Karbala
Study of the protective role of the alcoholic extract of Cordia myxa against tartrazine hepatotoxicity
The current study aims to know the protective effect of the alcoholic extract of the fruits of the plant Cordia myxa on the liver tissue in white rats treated with tartrazine. The current study included 24 laboratory rats, their weights ranged between (250-200) grams, and their ages between (11-12) weeks. The animals were divided into four groups, with six animals for each group. The first group was considered a negative control group, given water and fodder freely. The second group was dosed with the aqueous solution of tartrazine at a dose of 400) mg/kg of body weight, while the third group was dosed with the alcoholic extract of the fruits of the plant Cordia myxa at a concentration of (1000) mg/kg of body weight. The fourth group was considered a protective group and was dosed with the alcoholic extract of the fruits of Cordia myxa at a dose of 1000) mg/kg of body weight. After 3 hours, it was dosed with tartrazine. After the 30-day experimental period, the animals were anesthetized with chloroform, dissected, and liver samples were taken to prepare histological sections. The results of examining the histological sections showed histological changes in the liver tissue of the animals treated with tartrazine, caused by oxidative stress resulting from the release of free radicals into the blood. The results of examining the prepared sections showed no histological changes in the liver tissue of the animals treated with the alcoholic extract. The results of examining the liver tissue of the animals treated with the extract of the bambur plant as a preventative substance showed that they were less affected by tartrazine toxicity when compared to the samples of the rat group treated with tartrazine, as the tissue appeared closer to normal, with a normal central vein and strong regularity of the hepatic cords. We conclude that the alcoholic extract of the pomegranate fruit can be used in medical treatments as it has a preventive effect against the toxicity caused by tartrazine dye by improving the liver structure
Tartrazine, Punica granatum fruit extract, Liver.
Histopathological evaluation of Utilizing decellularized xenograft cartilage and adipose tissue mesenchymal stem cells (AT-MSCs) with Ozone therapy for treating articular cartilage defect of stifle joint in Dogs
The articular cartilage is a connective tissue with significant mechanical durability and elasticity function. Cartilage has limited self-repair capabilities due to its intrinsic low vascularity, which leads to a diminished replicative capability of chondrocytes. Cartilage defect is a debilitating joint disorder that affects the dog. In this study, we investigated the utilization of decellularized cartilage and Adipose tissue mesenchymal stem cells associated with medical ozone for treating full-thickness cartilage defect in dogs. Methods: Twenty-five dogs were used. A full-thickness 8 mm diameter by (4) mm deep cartilage defect was performed in the left stifle joint of all dogs. They were divided into five equal groups. The induced defects of the first group were left without treatment. The defects of second group were filled with decellularized cartilage (DC). The defects of the third group were filled with (DC) then treated with Medical Ozone. The defects of the fourth group were filled with (DC) + (AT-MSCs). While the defects of the fifth group were filled with (DC) and (AT-MSCs) then treated with medical ozone. The dogs were euthanized at 56-day post operation. Results: The cartilage healing process of fifth group showed a new cartilage tissue formation in the peripheral and extended to the centre of the cartilage defect. The middle and superficial areas of the cartilage defect tend to be compact. Conclusion: Decellularized cartilage with both (AT-MSCs) and medical ozone which used in this present study as a treatment can effectively accelerate and promote the healing of cartilage defect of stifle joint in dogs
Cartilage defect, xenograft cartilage, mesenchymal stem cells, ozone therapy
The effect of nanomaterials on the innate immune system: therapeutic opportunities and immunological risks
Nanomaterials: List of Current Nanomaterials Showing Potent Progress on Based on Diagnostics or Target Experience: Nanomaterials have Caused Dent in Medical Apply, Specificity Nanomaterials Have Come Far Nano-Designed Diagnostics NanoGroup-based Nanodiagnostics Nanotherapies Nanomaterials Have Gained Ground Near Medical Employ, Particularly On Imaging Or Speciality Nanoplast Nanoplatform Nanobiomedicine Nanomaterials Nanomaterials Nanomaterials Nanomaterials: An Overview OfTheir Medical Drafts Nanomedicine Nanomedic Nanodise Nanodermatological Applications Of Nanobiomaterials, Application Of Nanotechnology In Bioimaging, Diagnosis, And Targ MicroNaso Nanocarriers Nanomaterials Nanomaterials Nanomaterials Nanotech BioOrganization Nanoplatforms Nanomaterial Nanoplasma Nanomaterials Nanoplast Nanomaterials Nanorobots Nanodiagnostics Nanoplastics Nanoparticles Nanorobots Nanomaterials Nanostructures Nanomaterials Nanogenesis Nanotechnology Nanoparticles Nanotechnologies Nanomachines Nanomaterials have come a long way from their diagnosis applications, especially in diagnosis and targeted applications. However, their engagement with the innate immune system raises questions not only about their immunological safety, but also their immunological risks. Abstract: Here, we review recent clinical studies and associated statistics that elucidate classes of nanomaterials with immunomodulatory effects on constituents of the innate immune system to reveal therapeutic opportunities and risks
Histological and immunohistochemical assessment of testicular and epididymal changes in albino male rats following exposure to the pimaricin
Pimaricin (natamycin), a polyene antifungal agent commonly used in food preservation and pharmaceuticals, has raised concerns regarding its systemic toxicity, including potential reproductive effects. Objectives: This study aim to investigate the histological, immunohistochemical, and induced by pimaricin exposure in the testis and epididymis of albino male rats. Material and methods: Twenty adult Wistar albino rats were divided into control and treated groups. The treated group received pimaricin orally at a dose of 0.3 mg/kg/day for 50 consecutive days, while the control group received distilled water. At the end of the experiment, serum samples were collected for hormonal analysis of (LH), and (FSH). Testicular and epididymal tissues were processed for histological evaluation using as well as immunohistochemical staining (MDA). Results Histological examination revealed degenerative & necrosis of spermatic cells with few Leydig cells as well as congestion of interstitial blood vessels accompanied with atrophy of seminiferous tubules with severe increase in interstitial spaces & complete absence of tubules were recorded. The section of epididymis showed intense hyalinization of epididymal lumen. Conclusion: According to our findings, immunohistochemical examination showed that the testis and the epithelial lining the epididymal ducts is showing moderate nuclear and cytoplasmic positivity staining for MDA and control group had mild and mild nuclear and cytoplasmic MDA expression .
Immunohistochemistry , Pimaricin-,Testicular Tissues, Albino Male Rats
Effect of Exogenous Xylanase Enzyme in Reduced Energy Diet on Carcass Characteristics of Broiler Chickens
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of exogenous enzyme xylanase supplemented with an energy restricted diet on carcass characteristics of broiler chickens. Two hundred one-day-old Ross 308 broilers were randomly divided into four groups (50 birds each) with two replicates each. The control group (T1) was fed a diet based on corn and soybean meal. The second group received a low energy diet (200/kcal) (T2). In the third trial, xylanase (250 g/t) was fed with a low energy diet (200/kcal) (T3). The fourth treatment fed a basal diet + xylanase enzyme (250g/ton) (T4). The carcass characteristics and edible tissue of gizzard, liver and heart in the T4 and T3 groups showed a significant improvement (P≤0.05) compared to the other groups. In conclusion, addition xylanase enzyme with a low-energy diet augmented broiler chickens’ productivity, improved carcass characteristics and edible tissue organ
Xylanase enzyme, reduced energy and carcass characteristics.
Impact of Exposure to Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles on Oxidative Stress in Common Carp, Cyprinus Carpio
Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) are considered one of the top five nanoparticles mostly used in fields of veterinary, agriculture, medicine and industry. High levels of TiO2NPs are found in aquatic environment, which result in harmful effects on living organisms with public health concerns. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of TiO2NPS on oxidative stress in common carp, Cyprinus Carpio. A total of 100 fish (weight 50 g) were divided randomly into four treated groups (10 fish/tank/ 2 replicate) as follows: T1, T2, T3, and T4 exposed to TiO2NPs at (50,100, 200 and 300 mg/L) respectively. C served as a control group that received a diet without treatment. Following 21 days, blood samples were collected from the caudal vein for determination of DNA damage using comet assay. Also, liver samples were collected for analysis of catalase and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) enzymes activity and for measuring lipid peroxidation using thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS), which measured the Malondialdehyde (MDA). Results showed a significant increase (P≤0.05) in catalase and GPx activities at 50mg/l of TiO2NPs (T1) with a decrease in these activities in (T2, T3 and T4) of nanoparticles, respectively. lipid peroxidation marker (MDA) significantly increased at 300 mg/L (T4). Results showed the highest DNA damage in RBCs was seen at concentrations of 200 and 300 mg/L of the TiO2NPs (T3 and T4) respectively. This study concluded that TiO2NPs induced potent oxidative stress in common carp, indicated by decreased antioxidant enzyme activity and increased lipid peroxidation with DNA damage in erythrocytes.
nanoparticles, lipid peroxidation, oxidative enzymes. Comet assay
Effectiveness of date seeds extract ,vitamin E and selenium on hematological parameters and morphometric of ovary in albino rabbits
The research done to estimate the effectiveness of date pits extract , vitamin e and selenium on hematological parameters and anatomical changes on ovary of albino rabbits.The experiment was done in veterinary medicine university of kerbala in animal house in special cages in two months from 4/1/2025 to 4/3/2025 .Twenty(20) albino rabbits weighing between 1200 and 1500 kg and the ages of 2.5 and 3 months were split up into four groups.The first group used as control group received no treatment while (G2) received treatment with seed extract (12%), followed by vitamin E (100 mg/kg body weight) and selenium (0.3 mg/kg body weight) in the third group, and a combination of seed extract (12%) and vitamin E (100 mg/kg body weight) and selenium (0.3 mg/kg body weight) in the fourth group. Five milliliters of blood are drawn straight from the heart at the end of the experiment, and the weight and size of the ovary following ovariectomy are also recorded. The results findings, selenium, vitamin E, and date seed extract all improve blood parameters, and when taken together, they have a stronger cumulative effect. Numerous studies have demonstrated that date seeds are high in antioxidants that increase the production of blood cells, and that vitamin E and selenium are known for their functions in preventing blood cell oxidation and enhancing immune system function. The significant increase in G4 confirms a synergistic effect between the extract and nutrients (vitamin E and selenium), which promote reproductive health and stimulate ovarian growth. In conc lusion the extract has a strong beneficial effect on its own, vitamin E and selenium greatly increase its potency. The hypothesis that these substances can be used as supplements to improve fertility and blood health was supported by the clear demonstration of the positive effect in blood and reproductive parameters.
date extract ,vitamin E ,Selenium and morphmetric of ovary .
Detection of bisphenol-A accumulation in goat meat and edible products and the deleterious effect of its consumption
Bisphenol A (BPA) and micro plastics (MPs) have been detected across various species, including humans, mammals, fish, birds, and invertebrates, indicating the potential for extensive exposure and bioaccumulation. Moreover, their prevalence has been increasing, contributing to an elevated risk of various pathological conditions. This research was undertaken to investigate the accumulation of BPA in edible tissues of goat such as (kidney, liver, meat and adipose tissues). Methodology: Hundred samples collected from 25 female’s goat for edible tissues (meat, liver, kidney, and adipose tissue) aged between 6 and 8 months (25 samples from each tissue). The Karbala slaughterhouse for red meat in the Governorate was where tissue samples were taken between November 2024 and January 2025. Results: The results showed that, when judged against standard criteria, the average amounts of BPA buildup in these tissues ranged from moderate to high. The findings showed that while the kidney and meat each had medium concentrations (0.1-1 µg/g), the liver and fat had high BPA levels (over 1 µg/g). Bisphenol A (BPA) was most concentrated in the liver, in adipose tissues, then in meat, and last in the kidney. The application of the ANOVA analysis in current study facilitated the assessment of statistically significant differences among the four sample groups. The analysis revealed that liver and adipose tissues exhibited significant variation compared to kidney and muscle tissues, based on the obtained statistical parameters. In conclusion, the results underscore the toxicological risks associated with BPA. When exposure levels exceed the established daily tolerable intake which about 0.05 mg per kg /body weight, BPA can bioaccumulate in biological tissues, potentially leading to a range of adverse health effects.
BPA, Bioaccumulation, Edible parts, Kidney, Meat, Adipose tissues
A review current trends in orthopedic surgery for companion animals
Orthopedic surgery in companion animals has experienced remarkable advancements, closely mirroring innovations in human medicine. With the increasing prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders such as cranial cruciate ligament rupture, hip dysplasia, and complex fractures in pets, veterinary orthopedic interventions are evolving to meet clinical demands. This review explores current trends shaping the field, including minimally invasive surgical techniques, the widespread adoption of Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy (TPLO), and the integration of advanced technologies such as 3D printing for custom implants. The role of regenerative medicine—utilizing platelet-rich plasma, stem cells, and other biologics—is also examined for its potential in enhancing healing and managing degenerative joint diseases. Additionally, we highlight the importance of postoperative rehabilitation strategies, including hydrotherapy and structured physical therapy, in improving recovery outcomes. These developments collectively represent a shift toward more precise, patient-specific, and holistic orthopedic care in veterinary practice, ultimately contributing to improved mobility and quality of life for companion animals.