Kerbala Journal of Veterinary Medical Sciences
Karbala Journal of Veterinary Medical Sciences (KJVMS) is a distinguished peer-reviewed, open-access journal dedicated to the advancement of veterinary sciences. Established to serve as a comprehensive platform for the dissemination of innovative research, KJVMS publishes original articles, reviews, case studies, and short communications that address key issues in veterinary medicine. The journal covers a broad spectrum of topics, including but not limited to animal health, veterinary diagnostics, clinical practices, epidemiology, pharmacology, and public health as related to veterinary sciences. KJVMS is committed to maintaining high standards of scientific rigor and integrity. Each submission undergoes a thorough peer-review process, ensuring that published work meets the highest quality standards. By offering free and open access to its content, the journal promotes the global exchange of knowledge and supports the continued professional development of researchers, practitioners, and students in the veterinary field. The journal’s editorial board comprises leading experts from various specialties within veterinary science, ensuring that the content is both relevant and cutting-edge. KJVMS is indexed in major databases, enhancing its visibility and accessibility to a worldwide audience. Through its dedication to publishing impactful research, KJVMS contributes to the advancement of veterinary medicine and plays a vital role in improving animal health and welfare globally.
University of Kerbala/ College of Veterinary Medicine
The Beneficial Impact of Sage (Salvia Officinalis's)on Hematological Parameters and Liver Function in Rabbits: Implications for Public Health
This study aims to examine the effects of Saga (Salvia Officinalis) on liver enzymes, immunity, and blood parameters in rabbits. From November 7, 2023, to January 1, 2024, An Experiment was conducted at the University of Al-Zahrawi's Faculty of Medical Laboratory Technique. where the : Rabbits used in the experiment were housed in special cages. Were housed in individual cages. Twelve rabbits were randomly divided into two groups: G1 received water and pellets as a control, while G2 received Saga (Salvia Officinalis). show that red blood cell counts, packed cell volume, and hemoglobin concentration in G2 have significantly increased after 60 days of Saga (Salvia Officinalis) treatment compared to the first day, but G1 has not changed significantly. However, white blood cells show a significant increase in G2 compared to G1 after treatment with Saga (Salvia officinalis). However, Saga (Salvia Officinalis) significantly reduces the levels of liver enzymes, including alkaline phosphatase, aspartate transaminase, and alanine transaminase. In conclusion By raising the white blood cell count, sage (Salvia officinalis) improved immunity. Additionally, by raising hemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume, and red blood cell count, the sage Salvia officinalis enhances hematopoiesis. Lastly, Salvia officinalis is thought to be a good option for liver injury because it has an enhancing effect on liver enzymes.
- liver enzymes, Saga (Salvia Officinalis's) , hematological parameters.
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Role of the Aqueous Extract of Origanum majorana Leaves on Liver Enzymes and Serum Proteins in Male Rabbits
Marjoram is characterized by containing compounds that are characterized by their antioxidant activity, such as Phenolic substances, especially phenolic acids, Carvacrol, Thymol, and flavonoids are among the most The active compound in antioxidants is hydroquinone, which was used as a sensorVital for cholesterol Hydroquinone derivatives have also revealed activities against lymphocytic leukemia .As for the other components of the marjoram plant they are tannins, alkaloids, saboniat, and terpenoids. (Terpenoids), Phenol Trip. This study aimed to investigate the antioxidant effects of an aqueous extract of Origanum majorana leaves on hematological parameters, liver enzymes, and serum proteins in rabbits. From 1 September, 2024, to 3 January 2025, at the University of Al-Zahrawi's Faculty of Medical Laboratory Technique. where the rabbits used in the experiment were housed in special cages. Twelve rabbits were divided into two groups, G1 receiving water and protein pellets as a control group and G2 receiving Origanum Majorana 150 mg/kg. The findings indicate that Origanum majorana has no discernible impact on the number of red blood cells and packed cell volume. Although Origanum Majorana significantly increases hemoglobin concentration and white blood cell count, The measures of total protein concentration, albumin concentration and globulin concentration. On other hand there is significant decrease effect of Origanum Majorana on Alanine transaminase concentration and Aspartate transaminase concentration. In calculate that Origanum Majoran has effective role in enhancement of immunity by increase white blood cell counts and has antioxidant effect by decrease liver enzymes and increase of liver proteins.
Origanum Majorana , blood parameters, liver enzymes, liver proteins
Epidemiological and Molecular Study of Eimeria Species in Calves from Holy Karbala, Iraq
Coccidiosis is one of the most economically important protozoan diseases affecting young calves, primarily caused by host-specific Eimeria species that target the intestinal epithelium. This study investigated the prevalence, species identification, and epidemiological determinants of Eimeria infections in calves from Holy Kerbala, Iraq, using combined parasitological and molecular approaches. A total of 296 fecal samples were collected from calves of different age groups between May 2024 and January 2025 and examined using flotation techniques, followed by PCR amplification of the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS-1) region for the molecular detection of Eimeria bovis. The overall prevalence reached 70%, with significantly higher infection rates in calves ≤1 year of age. Seasonal variation was evident, with peak infections recorded during December and January. PCR successfully amplified the expected 238 bp product specific to E. bovis, confirming its predominance among the detected species. The findings underscore the epidemiological significance of coccidiosis in calves in Kerbala and highlight the superiority of molecular diagnostics over conventional microscopy for accurate species identification. Integrating PCR-based assays with improved management and hygiene practices is essential for effective control and prevention of coccidiosis in cattle herds.
Coccidiosis, Eimeria spp., Eimeria bovis, calves, ITS-1, PCR, epidemiology, Kerbala
Histological and Histochemical investigation of the Brunner Glands in Wild Brown Rats
The objective of this study was to assess the histological characteristics of submucosal Brunner glands and their distribution within the wild rat duodenum. Six healthy brown rats were obtained from the Baghdad animal market. Six experimental animals were captured from orchards in the Middle Euphrates region, the experimental animals were put to sleep using xylazine and ketamine. After being cut up, these samples were taken from different parts of the duodenum and kept in 10% formalin. Following standard histological processing procedures, five μm fragments were created and stained with (Hematoxylin & Eosin and AB 2.5 pH) stain in order to identify neutral mucin. The objects under examination were then viewed under a light microscope and photographs were taken. Among the numerous glands seen in wild brown rats were intestinal glands based on mucus. Within the submucosa, the glands were composed of closely spaced acini. These glands were arranged in dense acinar clusters, particularly near the pancreatic duct. The mucous type glands were the most obvious, but the mixed type was also seen adhering inside the duct that leads to the pancreas. Additionally, sections demonstrated how glands extended from the to the (sub-mucosa) and were each exhausted by a solitary excretory conduit. Furthermore, after entering the smooth muscle layer of the muscularis, the individual gland ducts gradually enlarge, exposing the enormous pyramid-shaped cells that make up the glandular components.
Histochemical study, Brunner glands, Wild Rat.
Histological effect of Lepidium sativum extract on the pituitary glands in female rabbits
The pituitary gland plays a central role in regulating endocrine functions, including growth, reproduction, lactation, and metabolic balance. Objective: Study of the effect of Lepidium sativum plant extract on the histological structure of the pituitary gland. Materials and methods: A total of 20 sexually mature female domestic rabbits were randomly allocated into 4 categories, each one consisting of 5 pets, and were selected based on 2.5 to 3 kg weights, divided into two main groups. Group 1: Non-pregnant, non-lactating rabbits, and included Section A1 (control): were given sterile water. Section B1 was treated with L. sativum extract powder at a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight. Group 2: Lactating rabbits, Section A2 (control), were treated with sterile water. Section B2 was treated with L. sativum extract at a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight. The experiment lasted for three weeks. a histological examination of the pituitary gland. Histological results showed that administration of Lepidium sativum extract resulted in significant changes in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. The treated groups, particularly during lactation, exhibited hypertrophy and hyperplasia of lactotroph cells, with prominent nuclei and cytoplasmic activity, indicating a stimulatory effect of the extract on prolactin-secreting cells compared to the normal control group.
Lepidium sativum, pituitary glands, Prolactin, Histological study
Smart Diagnosis: Artificial Intelligence Application in Veterinary medicine and Infectious Disease Control
The Artificial Intelligence integration into veterinary medication has emerged as a transformative method for boosting diagnostic accuracy, enhancing ailment surveillance, and assisting evidence-based selection-making. This overview investigates present day programs, methodologies, and demanding situations of artificial intelligence pushed clever diagnosis in veterinary practice, with unique awareness on infectious disease detection and epidemiological tracking. By synthesizing latest advancements in machine studying, laptop vision, and records analytics, the paper highlights how AI fashions make contributions to early sickness identification, sample recognition, and predictive analytics for outbreak manage. The evaluate also examines the shortcomings of contemporary structures, which includes troubles with statistics pleasant, model generalizability, and moral troubles in animal health studies. According to the research, AI-enabled diagnostic technologies have a great deal of promise to strengthen veterinary public health systems, enhance animal welfare, and shorten diagnostic wait times. In order to develop artificial intelligence applications in veterinary medicine and open the door to more robust and data-driven methods of managing infectious diseases, this paper ultimately emphasizes the necessity of interdisciplinary cooperation and standardized frameworks.
Artificial Intelligence, AI, Veterinary diagnoses, Animal health.
Evaluation of phenotypic tests for the detection of AmpC beta-lactamases in Swabs isolates of Escherichia coli from Broiler Chickens infected with Avian Metapneumovirus
The emergence of AmpC β-lactamases-producing Escherichia coli (E. coli) strains in poultry, especially in broiler chickens suffering from Avian Metapneumovirus (AMPV) infections, is a growing concern due to the potential for antibiotic resistance. Current study purposes to assess the prevalence of AmpC β-lactamase-producing E. coli isolates in broiler chickens in Duhok, a region in northern Iraq, and to evaluate the effectiveness of phenotypic screening methods for detecting these resistant strains. A total of 100 samples from clinically affected broiler chickens were collected and cultured for the isolation of E. coli. The phenotypic screening was achieved using three methods, acidimetric, ESBL and ESBL-ampC, were collected from September 2024 to March 2025. The results revealed that a significant proportion of E. coli isolates (68% acidimetric), (22% ESBL) and (38% ESBL-ampC) respectively were positive. The phenotypic tests showed varying sensitivity and specificity, with the combined disc test demonstrating the highest accuracy in identifying AmpC-producing strains. This study highlights the prevalence of AmpC β-lactamases in E. coli isolates from poultry infected with AMPV and emphasizes the need for regular surveillance and the application of effective antimicrobial programs to manage the spread of resistance in veterinary settings.
AMPV, E. coli, acidimetric, ESBL, ESBL-ampC.
First Morphological Evidence of Huffmanela sp. (Nematoda: Trichosomoididae: Huffmanelinae) in Brachirus orientalis (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) from Southern Iraq
Given the growing interest in marine aquaculture, the current study sought to monitor and investigate some of the pathogens affecting marine fish that could pose a threat to marine aquaculture and result in high mortality rates in southern Iraq. The marine Soleidae, a species of importance in marine aquaculture because of its ease of rearing, was among a variety of marine fish that were examined. Only one of the thirty fish that were inspected had an infection rate of 3.3%, which is a very low percentage. The findings demonstrated that the nematode worm Huffmanela (Nematoda: Trichosomoididae: Huffmanelinae) lays its eggs in the intestinal tissues of the fish Brachirus orientalis (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) of the Soleidae family, which are unique sites for this kind of infection. Multiple tiny black spots, which are outward indicators of infection, were present on the serous and subcutaneous layers, characterizing the infection. Huffmanela species are known for their polyploid, thick-walled, and tissue-clustering eggs, which were observed both histologically and under a microscope. Additionally, pathological examinations showed that the eggs were rough, brown-shelled, oval to spindle-shaped, and encircled by localized fibrosis and tissue tears. This study adds to our understanding of the nematode biodiversity in the northern Arabian Gulf by being the first to report Huffmanela infection of B. orientalis in Iraqi marine waters.
Huffmanela sp., Nematode, Brachirus orientalis, Iraqi marine water
Assessment of Eruca sativa Leaves Extract ZnO NPs Effect on the Adverse Effects of Creatine-Induced Liver Injury
Treatment with medicinal plants occupied a large place in medical and pharmaceutical sciences and became a safe source for the pharmaceutical industry at the beginning of the current century, as attention was paid to using them in the programs of the World Health Organization (WHO) despite the great development in the fields of chemistry, pharmacy and the chemical drug industry, as it indicated Recent studies have shown the effect of medicinal plants as antioxidants, an alternative to medications and chemical treatments Creatine monohydrate supplements are among the most popular nutritional supplements in the world Creatine synthesis occurs naturally in the liver, kidneys, and pancreas using three amino acids: arginine, glycine, and methionine, to be stored within the skeletal muscles, which represents 95% of the total of this storage and can be found in the form of free creatine 40% or phosphorylated creatine 60%. Internally Creatine supplements have been used in bodybuilding. This study aimed to assess the anti-inflammatory effects of Eruca sativa leaves extract ZnO nanoparticles on the liver of male rats exposed to the to the high dose of Creatine. In this investigation, a total of 48 male rats were utilized. The research encompassed two experimental trials. The initial study involved 24 rats over a 30-day period to determine the optimal concentration of the zinc oxide nanoparticles of Eruca sativa. The concentrations used were 20, 40, and 60 mg/kg.BW., all of which were deemed safe for use. The second experiment aimed to assess the impact of the nano-extract at the chosen concentration (60 mg/kg.BW.) on the toxicity caused by creatine dosing (4 g/kg) over a 60-day period. The rats were divided into four groups:The experiment involved the administration of 1 ml of a physiological solution with a concentration of 0.09% (G1). According to the experimental protocol, the animals were administered a zinc oxide nanoparticle of Eruca sativa at a concentration of 60 mg/kg (G2). A dosage of creatine monohydrate (4 g/kg) was administered to the animals (G3). (G4): This group serves as the preventative group, and its animals were administered a zinc oxide nanoparticle of Eruca sativa at a dosage of 60 mg/kg, followed by a treatment of creatine at a dosage of 4 g/kg one hour later. the results of the study showed that there was no significant difference (P≥0.05) between the G2 and G1 in the AST, ALT and ALP. Respectively, an increase in AST, ALT and ALP was recorded in G3 compared to G1. The results of the histological results in the current study showed in G2 showed similarity to normal tissue, as it consists of a central vein and a regularity of the hepatic cords composed of polygonal hepatic cells and spherical nuclei with the presence of hepatic sinusoids. also did not notice any histological changes When compared with G1, G3 showed irregularity of the hepatic cords with slight dilatation of the central vein and congestion in the hepatic sinusoids with congestion in the central vein and the presence of slight degeneration of hepatic cells in some areas of the liver and necrosis of hepatic cells also showed infiltration of inflammatory cells compared to G1, G4 showed that The tissue is closer to normal, with regularity of the hepatic cords and a slight expansion of the sinusoids and the central vein compared to the group treated with creatine and G1. In conclusion, the results of this article revealed positive clinical and histopathological effects of Eruca sativa leaves extract ZnO NPs effect on the adverse effects of Creatine - induced liver injury.
Eruca sativa, Creatine, Nano-zinc oxide, Liver injury.
Pathological and Control Aspects of Avian Coccidiosis: A Review
Poultry coccidiosis is a major protozoa disease resulting from the intracellular (apicomplexan) parasite Eimeria . The life cycle of Eimeria include extracellular and intracellular stages that cause a strong inflammation that damages tissue by increasing oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation, clinical symptoms seen include green, yellow, or brown bloody stools, inactivity, being off feed, losing weight, decreasing feed intake, decreasing production, emaciation, having pale wattles and comb, anemia, and dying suddenly. Gross lesions showed haemorrhagic and inflated intestine.The histopathological lesion showed congestion of blood vessels with loss of epithelial lining layer and edema of mucosal layer with Submucosal necrosis. Villi loss is associated with significant haemorrhages.Oocysts within the villi with lymphoid tissue hyperplasia.. The diagnosis can be done by gross and post-mortem lesion, microscopic examination of feces and molecular technique can be used for diagnosis of coccidiosis, to prevent and treat this condition, a variety of anticoccidial medications and vaccinations have been employed.
Eimeria spp; Poultry; Anticoccidials ,Coccidiosis.
Histological Effects of Equisetum arvense Extract Against Chloramphenicol-Induced Bone Marrow Toxicity in Rabbits
Chloramphenicol-induced bone marrow suppression remains a critical limitation in veterinary therapeutics. This study investigated the histological protective effects of Equisetum arvense extract on bone marrow architecture in rabbits exposed to chloramphenicol. Twenty healthy adult rabbits were divided into four groups: control, chloramphenicol (50 mg/kg), E. arvense (200 mg/kg), and combined treatment. Bone marrow samples were collected after 21 days for histopathological examination. Chloramphenicol induced hypocellularity, depletion of granulocytic and megakaryocytic series, and expansion of adipose spaces. In contrast, E. arvense extract preserved marrow architecture with hypercellularity and megakaryocytic proliferation, while the combined treatment demonstrated partial restoration with evidence of angiogenesis and osteoblastic activity. These results confirm that E. arvense exerts marrow-protective and regenerative effects against chloramphenicol-induced toxicity, likely due to its antioxidant and osteogenic bioactive compounds.
Equisetum Extract, Bone Marrow, Chloramphenicol, Rabbits.
Physiological and Intestinal Biomarkers as Indicators of Heat Stress in Small Ruminants
Small ruminants (sheep and goats) play a major role in the economy of million people, and have provided meat, milk, skin, wool and fiber for centuries. Stress is the body's mechanism for responding to a challenge or a problem. In response to a stressor, an organism undergoes physiological or biological stress. Animals are exposed to many kinds of stressors, including heat stress (HS), nutritional stress, chemical stress, and psychological stress. Physiologically heat stress responses can be estimated by changes in intrarectal temperature (°C), respiratory rate (breaths/min), and heat tolerance index. To assess the impact of thermal stress on overall body functions in small livestock, it is necessary to include indicators that effectively demonstrate the extent to which vital body systems are affected. The inclusion of hormonal change indicators is one of the important aspects in assessing heat stress on animals; however, indicators of gastrointestinal function have not received significant attention in the research field. Accordingly, the research aims to shed some light on the important indicators related to the physiological response of small livestock under thermal stress conditions.
heat stress, heat tolerance index (HTI), intestinal permeability, intestinal markers.
A Review of Laparoscopic Surgery in Pet Animals: Applications and Results
Laparoscopic surgery (LS), which offers major improvements in the treatment of abdominal disorders in pets, has grown to be an essential component of veterinary practice. Comparing this minimally invasive procedure to traditional open surgery, veterinarians may execute difficult surgeries with less tissue damage, fewer problems, and quicker recovery times. Laparoscopic ovariectomy, cryptorchidectomy, gastropexy, cystoscopy, and splenectomy are among the veterinary procedures that use LS; these procedures all benefit from improved visualization, less surgical trauma, and faster recovery after surgery. These benefits improve patient outcomes by lowering post-operative discomfort, reducing the requirement for pain treatment, and shortening hospital stays. The application of LS in small animal surgery has been significantly improved by the creation of specialized tools and cutting-edge imaging technologies. This study examines the many uses of laparoscopic procedures in veterinary medicine, emphasizing its advantages, results, and prospects for the future. According to the results, laparoscopic surgery is a safer and more effective option than open operations, and as it develops, veterinary surgery will likely see even more advancements.
General anesthesia, Laparoscopic Surgery, Applications, Pet Animals
Role of Artificial Intelligence in Advancing Veterinary Medicine
Through improved diagnosis, real-time monitoring, and predictive modeling, artificial intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing contemporary veterinary services. In order to improve clinical decision-making, facilitate illness diagnosis and maximize animal health outcomes, this assessment focuses on the use of AI technology in veterinary settings. The veterinary field is set to experience a radical change in how it approaches treatment, monitoring, and research as machine learning and big data integration advance.
Artificial Intelligence, Veterinary Medicine, AI Technologies
Behavioral and Antioxidant Profiling in a Rat Autism Model: Protective Effects of Red Grape Extract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are disorders of the development of the central nervous system (CNS), affecting the structure of brain regions involved in learning and memory, such as the hippocampus. Symptoms include impaired social interactions. The prevalence in Iraq is 89.40 per 10,000 children, with males being 1-4 times more likely than females, Rats are an ideal animal model for studying behavioral aspects of autism mediated by Valproic acid (VPA). Polyphenols present in red grapes Vitis vinifera have been shown to be antioxidant. 20 pregnant female Albino Wistar rats were divided into four groups. The G1 injected with normal saline (0.55 ml to 0.69 ml) according to body weight on gestational day (day 12.5) intraperitoneally (I.P). G2 was injected with 450 mg/kg valproic acid on gestational day (day 12.5E), G3 was administered orally at a dose of 400 mg/kg from day 11.5E until the end of pregnancy. G4 was administered orally at a dose of 400 mg/kg from day 11.5E until the end of pregnancy. They were then injected with 450 mg/kg (I.P) on day 12.5E. The weight and behavior of the male offspring were assessed using the three-chamber test (3CT) and indicators of oxidative stress in hippocampal tissue. G3 showed the highest weight level compared to the other groups, while the G2 recorded a lower average weight than the G1, and the G4 recorded the lowest average weight. In social interaction, the G3,G4 recorded similar high values, but their value decreased in the G2. In social Novelty, the G1,G4 showed similar high values, while the G3 recorded a higher value than the G2 and a lower value than the G1. The G2 recorded the lowest value for social novelty. The Malondialdehyde (MDA) decrease in the G3 and an increase in the G2 compared to the G1. As for the G4, the index value was close to the G1. The glutathione(GSH) in the G3 showed an increase, and it was close to the G1 level in the G4, and decreased in the G2. The G3 showed an increase in superoxide dismutase ( SOD) , a decrease in the G2 compared to the G1, and close to the G1 level in the G4. In conclusion, G3 had a positive effect on weight gain, recording the highest average weights. In contrast, G2 caused a decrease in weight, while the G4 showed the lowest average weights compared to both groups. Alcoholic grape extract improves social interaction, with both groups taking it (either with VPA or alone) recording high and similar values. G2 led to a decrease in social interaction, and in social novelty, the G4 showed a value close to the G1 level. The G3 showed an improvement compared to the G2, but it did not reach the G1 level. The G4 showed an effect in reducing MDA and increasing GSH and SOD when used in combination with VPA. In contrast, G2 caused an increase in MDA and a decrease in GSH and SOD.
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD), Valporic acid (VPA), Three-chamber test (3CT), Oxidative stress, Vitis vinifera
Hippocampal Oxidant / Antioxidant Tissue Levels: An Effect Associated with Age in Male Rat
The hippocampus plays important role in memory, emotion, learning. The current study looked into the oxidative Stress (Oxidant, Antioxidant) on the Development of the Hippocampus in the albino male rats in various age. Twenty male albino rats were divided four groups: 1-day group, 1-month group,3-month group and adult group, four groups each contained 5 male rats. For biochemical methods use malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH) and Superoxide dismutase (SOD) kits. We showed the (MDA) in albino male rats, an increase in levels was observed in the adult group during aging compared to the one-day-old group, which showed a lower level. The (GSH) and (SOD) a decrease in (GSH) and (SOD) levels was observed in the adult group during aging, but in the one-day-old group, a high level of (GSH) and (SOD) was observed.
Histopathological effects of Bacterial and Fungal Species on some organs in female Rats (Rattus rattus)
A laboratory study was conducted to evaluate the histological effects of vaginal infections caused by different types of bacteria and fungi using female rats. The rats were divided into four main groups: a control group (uninfected), two groups infected with Staphylococcus aureus and Enterobacter cloacae, and a fourth group infected with the fungus Candida albicans. Histological sections taken from the vagina and uterus after injecting 0.1 ml of each microbial suspension into the vaginal canal of the rats showed histological changes characterized by congested capillaries and infiltration of neutrophils and lymphocytes in the submucosal areas. This leads to mild focal vaginitis, endometritis, moderate neutrophilic infiltration, and congested blood vessels in the ovarian cortex. Blood analyses from the experimentally infected rats showed some abnormalities resulting from the dynamics of infection and immune responses. Bacterial infections stimulated a neutrophilic and monocytic response accompanied by a compensatory increase in platelet count, while fungal infections led to disruption in hematopoiesis (myelopoiesis) and exacerbated general cytopenia. The type of infection is a decisive factor in determining hematological patterns.
Bacterial vaginosis, Candida albicans, Enterobacter cloacae, Staphylococcus aureus.
Effect of Curcumin on Sperm Parameters in Alloxan Induced Diabetes in Mice
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder that negatively affects different body organs. Induced type2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) lead to hyperglycemia that if chronic might affects spermatogenesis and nuclear content of sperm in male mice. In the current study, diabetes was induced in male albino mice by single i.p. injection of Alloxan (120 mg/kg). For controlling diabetes, metformin (200mg/kg/day) and or curcumin (100mg/kg/ day) were administered orally for 35 days. Male mice (n=40) were divided equally into five groups. Control, Induced Diabetes mellitus (DM), Diabetic treated with curcumin (DM+C), Diabetic treated with metformin (DM+M), Diabetic treated with curcumin and metformin (DM+CM). The results of the current study showed that curcumin and metformin reduce blood glucose level in diabetic mice (p<0.001). Also, metformin alone or in combination with curcumin reduce the rate of abnormalities and DNA damage of sperms at the end of the experiment (p<0.05). In conclusion, curcumin with metformin has beneficial effect in reducing abnormalities and DNA fragmentation of sperm. Further study to investigate the effect of curcumin and metformin on post fertilization outcome in diabetic mice is suggested
Diabetes, Curcumin, Metformin, Sperm, Mice
Diabetes Mellitus in Dogs and Cats: Etiology, Diagnosis and Treatment Approaches
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a long-term illness that impacts both individuals and animals, particularly cats and dogs. Hyperglycemia and glycosuria are examples of clinical symptoms, and their persistence is documented for diagnosis. Important stages in the successful controlling diabetic mellitus include ensuring that the owners of cats or dogs are able to deliver insulin, identifying the clinical symptoms of deficiency control diabetes, and keeping an eye on blood sugar levels. Insulin resistance and obesity in dogs can be successfully handled by combining a varied diet also twice-daily insulin administration. The initial course of treatment for cats involves switching to a low-carb diet and receiving an insulin injection twice a day. In cats, remission can exceed 90%, however in dogs, the condition is typically lifelong unless a bias issue is secondary. The purpose of the study is to describe the pathophysiology, etiology, and feasible classification of impulsive diabetes mellitus in pets and emphasize cutting-edge studies carried out in this area
Diabetes mellitus, pet animals, cats, dogs
Experimental Evaluation of Immunological Response for Flagellin Extractions from Various Pathogenic Bacteria in Rat Models
Flagellin, the bacterial flagella structural protein, is one of the important pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP) detected by Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5), which stimulates innate immunity. The aim of this study was to examine the immunological and histopathological impacts of flagellin purified from nine pathogenic bacterial species on rat models. The successful purification of flagellin was confirmed by SDS-PAGE analysis with molecular weights between 35–45 kDa. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) revealed high strain-dependent variation in TLR5 levels, with Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas fluorescens , and Pseudocitrobacter faecalis evoking peak responses at day 7 postinjection, suggesting vigorous immune activation. While, Serratia marcescens and Salmonella enterica, produced lower TLR5 levels that can be suggestive of immune tolerance or receptor down regulation. Histopathology of mesenteric lymph nodes demonstrated variable inflammation patterns, including necrotizing lymphadenitis, granulomatous inflammation, and reactive hyperplasia, in accordance with the immunogenicity of each flagellin variant. Worth noting, environmental isolates such as Pseudomonas rhizosphaerae induced milder tissue reactions, reflecting lower pathogenicity. These results indicate the effect of flagellin origin on tissue pathology and host immunity dynamics. The research sets the therapeutic potential of selected flagellins as drugs for immunotherapy, and furthering our understanding of host-pathogen interaction. Further structural and functional investigations are required to identify the mechanisms behind these differential effects. Conclusion: The integration of TRL5 immune response profiles and histopathological findings provides valuable information regarding the immunogenicity and tissue-specific pathogenicity of the nine bacterial strains that were studied. The ELISA analysis revealed that Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Pseudocitrobacter faecalis elicited the most intense TRL5 response, with levels increasing significantly by day 7 (4.98, 4.77, and 4.82 ng/mL, respectively). These pathogens also induced histopathological manifestations of acute immune activation: E. coli and P. fluorescens evoked necrotizing inflammation with lymphoid hyperplasia and vascular damage, while P. faecalis compared lymphoid depletion to focal hyperplasia, suggesting an ineffective but dysregulated immune activation. In contrast, Salmonella enterica and Serratia marcescens were manifested decreaseing TRL5 levels over time (3.56 and 3.74 ng/mL on day 7), as they had histopathological profiles marked by lymphoid depletion and extensive necrosis. This inhibition/inverse relationship with tissue damage indicates potential mechanisms of immune evasion, such as toxin-induced lymphocyte apoptosis or blocking of TLR5 signaling pathways. Strains like Burkholderia metallica and Bacillus cereus elicited modest TRL5 increases (4.32 and 4.26 ng/mL) reflecting their pyogranulomatous inflammation and toxin-mediated stromal remodeling, respectively. The control group's stable TRL5 levels (3.75–3.86 ng/mL) and absence of histopathological changes highlight the specificity of the reaction. Curiously, Bacillus rhizoplanae and Pseudomonas rhizosphaerae caused compartmentalized inflammation and vascular enlargement with minimal noticeable lymphoid depletion, mirroring their intermediate TRL5 levels (4.54 and 4.59 ng/mL).
Falgellin, Toll like receptors, Histopathology, ELISA, Immunology
The Histopathological study of Oxidative Stress by H2O2 on hepatic and renal tissues of female mice
The aim of this study was to determine the histopathological study of oxidative stress by H2O2 on hepatic and renal tissues of female mice. Liver histological section for a control positive group animal showed moderate to severe central vein congestion loss of regular arrangements of hepatic cords with hepatocytes vacuolation .Whereas, renal histological section revealed atrophy of glomeruli with severe interstitial congestion and tubular epithelia necrosis. Furthermore, liver histological section for a Fadrozole treated group animal revealing the mild to moderate portal vascular congestion, with mild hepatocytes vacuolation and mild inflammatory cells infiltration in portal area; whereas, kidney histological section for this group animal revealed the characteristic close to normal glomeruli, with intact renal tubules epithelia, but characteristic close to normal glomeruli , with intact renal tubules epithelia with significant brush borders. Whereas, liver histological section for a PLGA loaded Fadrozole treated group animal revealed the slight vascular congestion ,with mild hepatocytes swelling; but kidney histological section for this group animal showed the normal glomeruli , with degenerative renal. Obtained data and review of literature suggested that H2O2 and estrogen preparations could be responsible for toxic damage of mice liver and kidney, described as fatty change, vascular disorders, hepatic, and focal nodular hyperplasia., tubules epithelia. the normal glomeruli with degenerative renal tubules epithelia. This study concluded that PLGA loaded Fadrozole had the ability in ameliorating harmful oxidative stress
Histopathological, oxidative stress, H2O2 , hepatic, renal, mice.
Prevalence of Yersinia enterocolitica in raw milk, eggs, Calf and chicken meat in Karbala province
Yersinia enterocolitica is a foodborne pathogen of significant public health concern, this study was conducted to detect the prevalence of Yersinia enterocolitica in raw milk, shell eggs, beef, and chicken meat .200 samples have been collected from local markets in Karbala province to isolation and identification of Yersinia enterociolitica . Two methods were used to detect the bacteria: bacterial culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Initial isolation of Y. enterocolitica was performed using Cefsulodin-Irgasan-Novobiocin (CIN) agar medium following enrichment in Peptone Sorbitol Bile Broth. Suspected colonies were confirmed through biochemical tests and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the 16S rRNA gene. The results of our study have been reveled foodborne pathogen in commonly consumed food products within the Kerbala Provance . A comparison of the accuracy and sensitivity of the two methods was conducted by calculating sensitivity and specificity. Results Out of the 200g of tested samples, bacterial growth was observed in (17.5%), with varying prevalence across food types. Raw milk showed the highest contamination rate 34%, while eggs had the lowest prevalence of contamination rate 2%, on the other hand, High sensitivity (88.57%) and specificity (98.18%) were demonstrated by the PCR test when compared to the gold standard culture method and In conclusion: Yersinia enterocolitica was successfully isolated from food samples in Kerbala Province, highlighting the need for improved food safety measures and The PCR test was found to have high sensitivity (88.57%) and specificity (98.18%) against culture confirmation
Yersinia enterocolitica , Polymerase chain reaction, Ultraviolet radiation
Genetic Variation of Myostatin Gene and Its Relationship with Carcass Parameters and Body Measurements in Local Iraqi Sheep
myostatin (MSTN) gene's genetic relationships in local Iraqi sheep were the main focus of this investgation. 50 samples were collected. Information on dimensions of the body, live weight before slaughter, carcass weight for each animal. 2 milliliters of blood was drawn using a sterile syringe for DNA extraction. The HaeIII restriction enzyme was used to amplify and digest target fragment of MSTN gene, located in exon 3 with size 337 base pairs. To identify genotypes and allele frequencies, the PCR-RFLP technique was employed. According to the results there are two genotypes for the MSTN gene: mm-Mm, with the mm genotype representing 86% of the population, and 14% for the Mm genotype. A frequency of m allele was 0.931, while it was 0.069 for the M allele. With a highly significant difference (P ≤ 0.01) to chi-square (χ²) value of 22.349, suggesting that natural selection, genetic drift, or other evolutionary factors may be influencing allele distribution. Phenotypic analysis revealed no statistically significant differences in live body weight before slaughter or carcass weight between the genotypes. However, A significant difference P ≤ 0.05 was noticed in the weight of viscera, with the mean of mm genotype being 1.400 kg and the mean of the Mm genotype being 1.058 kg. No significant differences were noticed between genotypes with regard to body length, height at withers, height at the rump, chest circumference, or abdominal circumference.
Myostatin gene (MSTN), Genetic polymorphism, Local Iraqi sheep, PCR-RFLP, Body measurement.
Influence of Olive Leaves Extract as a Disinfectant for Hatching Eggs on Eggshell Contamination, Hatching Performance and Post-Hatch Productive and Immune Indices in Chickens
Abstract Several published reports have demonstrated the problems associated with the use of formaldehyde as a disinfectant for incubated eggs. Therefore, the target of this experiment was to explore the efficient power of olive leaves (OL) as a safe alternative disinfectant to formaldehyde on the bacterial contamination of fertile eggs, hatching parameters, and productive and immune indices of hatchlings up to 35 days. A total of 288 eggs were used and distributed equally into four treatment groups, three replicates each, as follows: treatment 1 (T1) was a control, treatment 2 (T2) was eggs disinfected with methyl alcohol, while treatments3 (T3) and 4 (T4) were including eggs disinfected with aqueous and alcoholic extracts of OL, respectively. Compared with T1, the results exhibited that T4 reduced bacterial contamination of eggshells and shortened incubation and hatching times. All groups did not differ significantly among them in terms of hatchability, chick physical characteristics and deformed chicks, total moisture loss from fertile eggs. T4 achieved superiority in dressing percentage and decreased mortality at post-hatch while T2 and T3 consumed less feed intake. Moreover, T3 and T4 activated antibodies titers against Newcastle and Gumboro diseases respectively in blood serum of chicks compared to T1 . Therefore, the extract of OL, particularly the alcoholic extract, appears to be an effective natural disinfectant for hatching eggs and may serve as a substitute for formaldehyde fumigation.
olive leaves; hatching, contamination, disinfection; fertile eggs
Comparative Meta-Analysis of molecular and serological diagnostic methods for bacterial infections
Accurate and timely diagnosis of bacterial infections is essential for effective treatment and disease control. Molecular and serological diagnostic methods are widely used, but their comparative performance across various bacterial infections remains unclear. Objective: To systematically compare the diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and clinical utility of molecular versus serological methods for bacterial infections through a meta-analysis. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted across multiple databases to identify studies evaluating molecular (e.g., PCR, NGS) and serological (e.g., ELISA, agglutination) diagnostic techniques. Data on sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic odds ratios were extracted and pooled using a bivariate random-effects model. Subgroup analyses were performed by infection type and sample source. Results: Thirty-five studies were included. Molecular methods demonstrated higher pooled sensitivity (89%; 95% CI: 85–92) and specificity (95%; 92–97) compared to serological methods (sensitivity 78%; 72–83, specificity 89%; 85–92). Molecular diagnostics showed superior performance in early infection detection and antimicrobial resistance identification. Serological tests provided valuable information on immune status and infection history but had limitations in early diagnosis. Conclusions: Molecular diagnostic methods outperform serological assays in sensitivity and specificity for bacterial infection detection, particularly in early stages. However, serological tests remain important for assessing host immune response. Integrated use of both methods tailored to clinical context optimizes diagnostic accuracy and patient management.
Bacterial infections, molecular diagnostics, serology, PCR, ELISA, meta-analysis, diagnostic accuracy.
Detection of Klebsiella Pneumoniae in Milk and Milk Products of Karbala Province and Susceptibility of Antibiotics
The overall prevalence of Klebsiella pneumoniae, a critical zoonotic pathogen, within global dairy herds, with a potential risk of cross-species transmission between humans and cattle as a food-borne infection, remains to be clarified. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae ) in raw milk, cheese, butter, yoghurt, and cream collected from various local markets in Karbala, Iraq. A total of 375 random samples were examined, including products from City Center, Al-Hur, Al-Hindyia, Al-Hassainya, and Ain Al-Tamer. Samples were cultivated on MacConkey agar and CHROMagar Enterobacteria selective medium to isolate and identify K. pneumoniae. Confirmation was achieved through biochemical tests and the Vitek system. The results revealed a high contamination rate of Klebsiella pneumoniae in cheese (45.33%), followed closely by raw milk (42.67 %), and yoghurt exhibited the lowest contamination rate at (8 %). A test for antibiotic sensitivity was conducted to a number of isolates by using disc diffusion method against six antimicrobial agents ( Penicillin G, Amikacin, amoxicillin , Ciprofloxacin , Tetracycline , and ampicillin/cloxacillin) , using Mueller Hinton agar (MHA) plates. Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates exhibited multiple resistance against 4 or more of different antibiotics. These findings highlight significant microbiological safety concerns regarding dairy products in the region, indicating an urgent need for improved hygiene practices in dairy processing and handling to safeguard public health.
Klebsiella pneumoniae, Milk, Food-borne infections, Antimicrobial resistance
Identifying the different genetic Species of cutaneous leishmaniasis for animal breeders in Wasit Governorate
To diagnose the leishmania species prevalent in some regions of the central Iraq Regions of central Iraq for animal breeders, the molecular method (PCR) was used to identify two Species of disease-causing Leishmania parasites. generally, the study showed a 750-base-pair band was associated with 39 patients at a rate (17.3%) Leishmania tropica species., while A 560-base-pair band was recorded in 186 patients at a rate (82.6%) associated with Leishmania major, were infected with Leishmania major type in 9 Regions of for animal breeder in central Iraq. For specific studying samples in Wasit Region, the number of infected samples reached 125 samples for the years 2022-2024, divided into two parts of sample collection. However, the actual infections in the first period from October 2022 to September 2023 reached 73 infections, and the rate of infection in males for animal breeders was higher than in females (47) 64.4%, (26) 35.6%. respectively, while the results were in the second part for proud October 2023 to September 2024 (52) infections distribution by gender, male, female, "28 (53.8%), 24(46.1%) “respectively. During the study period 2022-2024, at a rate of (58.4%) and (41.6%) respectively, in various populated areas in Wasit Region, where (51) cases were recorded at a rate of (40.8%) in Al-Hay District, the highest infection rate, and the lowest infection rate was in the center of Kut city, 5 cases (4%). The results also showed that the incidence of the Species of leishmaniasis infection of Leishmania tropica was less prevalent at 24.8%, divided into 17.6% for males and 7.2% for females for animal breeder, compared with Leishmania major at a rate (75.2 %) The gender ratio is 44%, 31.2% for males and females, respectively for animal breeder. Therefore, this research can be used to determine the species of parasite causing the disease for animal breeders, to reduce the risk and control the disease by preparing the vaccine.
polymerase chain reaction, Leishmania parasites, cutaneous and Wasit governorate
Acidosis Induction in Dogs: Impact on Key Hematological and Biochemical Blood Markers
metabolic acidosis is one of the most, common acid-base abnormalities come across in veterinary medicine, in animals, our study investigated the effects of acidosis on blood gases and electrolytes in local dog by histochemical methods. Local dogs were divided into four groups: a control group and three experimental groups treated with hydrochloric acid (75 mmol), HCL (150 mmol) and HCL (300 mmol) respectively. Treatment duration was set for 15 days, with blood samples collected for analysis. Evaluations showed significant changes in the blood test of arterial blood test ABG (hco3, paco2) and in the electrolytes value (cl,ca) , increase lactic acid levels and elevated liver enzymes Aspartate Transaminase (AST) , Alanine transaminase (ALT) with rising of serum levels of urea and creatinine, indicating cellular damage.
metabolic acidosis , ABG , creatinine ,urea , AST , ALT
A review Anatomical and Histological Study of the Adrenal Gland in Domestic Animals
By secreting hormones such as steroids and catecholamines, the adrenal gland contributes to the neuroendocrine system, which influences physiological equilibrium. In order to detect inter-dysfunction and adaptive morphological features, this investigation offers a more comprehensive physical and histological analysis of the adrenal glands of certain varieties of wild animals, including non-vegetarian, vegetarian, and ubiquitous species. It was discovered that the shape of the adrenal glands varied greatly between species, indicating metabolic and ecological adaptations. Anatomically, In wild animals, the adrenal glands are small, paired organs that are frequently oval or elongated. They are situated close to the kidneys' cranial pole. Species differences in size, shape, and location reflect ecological adaptations. Each of their two parts—the inner medulla and the outer cortex—has a unique structure and function. Histologically, all of the species under investigation displayed the typical zonation pattern of the adrenal cortex, which consists of the zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, and zona reticularis, encircling a central medulla. However, these zones' relative thicknesses changed according to the species' physiological requirements. Carnivorous species, for instance, had more developed zona fasciculata, which is a clear adaptation for their increased need for glucocorticoid production. Because different species may react differently to stress, the density of chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla varies. Our comparative analysis contributes to the understanding of adrenal gland biology in wildlife and provides valuable baseline data for evolutionary biology, veterinary endocrinology, and wildlife conservation. The complexity and diversity of adrenal gland structures across wild taxa are highlighted in this study, along with their evolutionary and ecological significance.
Anatomical, Histological, adrenal, Domestic animals
Histological study of proventriculus and spleen of broiler due to adding of guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) meal
This investigation at hand was conducted to evaluate histological changes of proventriculus and spleen of broiler that fed a vegetable diet contains 10% guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) meal powder. 60 birds (Ross 308 strain) used were assigned into two groups with thirty chicks, fed on vegetable diet contain protein, the first group fed on diet contain 0% of guar meal powder as a control group (G1), and the second group (G2) fed diet contain 10% of guar meal till the end of the experiment, so the current study revealed that the guar meal was effective on digestion process in proventriculus led to histological effective on the proventriculus which a statistically significant increase P≤0.05 was observed in the diameter of proventricular glands, along with a similar significant increase P≤0.05 in diameter of the lumen of the proventricular glands, while there was no significant difference in the diameter of white pulp of the spleen.
proventriculus, spleen, broiler, guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba).